The prevalence of end-stage renal disease is high, especially in Taiwan. Cardiovascular diseases and infection are the major causes of morbidity. Though evidence is clear that exercise training in this population is beneficial to fitness、quality of life、morbidity, it is seriously underused. Poor physical fitness is known to associate with high-leveled systemic inflammation and immune dysregulation but the detailed relationship remains unclear in the ESRD population. Moreover, though exercise improves low physical fitness, available research concerning its effect on the pro-/anti-inflammatory immune response is scarce. Does supervised lifestyle intervention has the potential to improve physical fitness, and quality of life in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis (HD)? To assess the efficacy of a 6-month lifestyle intervention in patients under HD, we plan to conduct a self-controlled clinical trial. No intervention will be performed in the control and maintenance phases. The lifestyle intervention will comprise care from a multidisciplinary team, including a nephrologist, nurse practitioner, physiatrist, and dietitian. The exercise training component is in-hospital supervise training 2\~3 times weekly for 6 months. Cyclic aerobic and resistance training will be performed. Assessment will be performed every three months and 5 times in total, including cardiopulmonary exercise testing, isokinetic quadriceps strength testing, hand grip strength, body composition analysis, Chinese Kidney Disease and Quality of Life questionnaire, self-recorded physical activity, and Mini Nutritional Assessment. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of a lifestyle intervention in patients under HD on physical fitness, and quality of life. It is hypothesized that the lifestyle intervention will elicit a significant benefit in the aforementioned parameters and will last until the maintenance phase.
