Evaluating the Efficacy of Pathways Parent-Mediated Early Autism Intervention on Social Attention and Language

This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of all ten units of Pathways parent-coaching early autism intervention. A limitation of our previous 12-week intervention research was that in 12 weeks, we could only assess efficacy for the first five Pathways units. The first five units focus on dyadic social skills (i.e., social orienting, mutual gaze, getting the social partner's attention, and mutual imitation). The last five Pathways units (units 6-10) build on these foundational skills and focus on facilitating triadic social skills (i.e., joint attention, social communication, and language). Joint attention is an essential component of social communication and provides the context for social communication and language. Therefore, it is vital to establish the efficacy of the entire Pathways program (i.e., all ten units) on the development of social orienting, joint attention, social communication, and language. Aim 1: To identify the effectiveness of the entire Pathways program on (a) the development of social orienting, joint attention, and social communication and language in children with a research diagnosis of autism; and (b) relieving their parents' stress. Aim 2: To identify the relationship between early social orienting and later joint attention, social communication, and language skills. We hypothesize that Pathways will moderate the effect of (1) growth in social orienting after receiving 12 weeks of intervention and (2) growth in joint attention and social communication and language after receiving 24 weeks of intervention. Further, we hypothesize social orienting after 12 weeks of intervention is significantly related to joint attention at 24 weeks. Finally, we expect that joint attention at 24 weeks will be significantly related to language at 36 weeks (i.e., at a 3-month follow-up). In terms of parenting stress, we expect to find a significant effect of Pathways on decreasing parent stress during the first 12 weeks of intervention, followed by a plateau.