Comparison Between Early and Late Tracheostomy in Non-Covid and Covid

Introduction:- Tracheostomy is a common procedure for critically ill patients who require long-term mechanical ventilation (3) and have a low Glasgow coma scale and for chest toileting. Compared with an endotracheal tube, a shorter tracheostomy tube that bypasses the mouth and pharynx can avoid oropharyngeal and laryngeal complications, improve patient comfort and reduce sedative drug use. Early versus late tracheostomy: In one study comparing early and late tracheostomy, they included eight RCTs. Results showed moderate quality from seven RCTs and lower mortality rates in the early as compared with the late tracheostomy group. On the other hand, in another study which was a prospective observational study, the results showed that there was no difference in 3-month mortality between early and late tracheostomy. Covid-19 is a recently emerged disease and has resulted in an increasing number of patients requiring mechanical ventilation and ICU admission. Several recommendations and guidelines have discussed when to perform a tracheostomy in COVID-19 patients, while the timing is varied across the literature. Recommendations from the UK and North America suggested that tracheostomy should be delayed until at least 14 days from endotracheal intubation to clarify prognostic information and for the viral load to sufficiently decline. On the other hand, early tracheostomy may help in early weaning (around 7-10 days)) In this study, we aimed to investigate the differences in outcomes when tracheostomy is done early versus late in covid and non-covid cases. Aim of the Study: The aim of the current study is to analyze the outcomes of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia who underwent tracheostomies and explore the association between the timing of tracheostomy and the outcomes of these patients and compare them with Non-Covid-19 patients. . The primary outcomes: Mortality in Covid versus Non-Covid cases The secondary outcomes: Ventilation days and ICU length of stay in Covid versus Non-Covid cases. Methodology:- This retrospective study will be conducted in Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Oman. After taking Ethics approval, all patients who undergo tracheostomy in intensive care units (ICUs) at SQUH from January 1, 2020, to December 2021 will be screened. A list of all patients who underwent tracheostomies during the study period will be obtained from the Hospital Information system. Their electronic patient records will be scanned, and data will be obtained. Study Population: Inclusions: • Adult ICU patients (more than 18 years old) who underwent tracheostomy in ICU. Exclusions: • Tracheostomy performed as part of operative management. Study Design and Methods: Overview: This retrospective, observational cohort study will assess the outcomes of early and late tracheostomy in Non-Covid and Covid patients. Sample size: All tracheostomized patients during the study period will be included in the study. Study Method: Medical records of patients will be reviewed, and data will be collected by investigators. Sociodemographic and clinical data will be collected for all patients, including age, sex, medical history, technique and day of ventilation days, ICU length of stay, and mortality. Details of the tracheostomy procedure, including timing, type (percutaneous or surgical), and complications, will be noted. Justification of the current study: In this study, we intend to analyze the outcomes of early and late tracheostomy in covid and non-covid patients. We hope to find a strategy for choosing an appropriate time for tracheostomy in covid and non-covid patients, which will give better outcomes and help reduce ICU mortality, ventilator days, and length of stay. ETHICAL Aspects: The master chart will not carry patient names and even MRN will not be accessible to anyone except the principal investigator. In the end, the study subjects will be given code numbers in the final master chart and their ID will not be revealed to the statistician. Data Management and Analyses: Statistical analysis: Normally distributed and non-normally distributed continuous variables will be presented as the mean (SD) and median \[IQR\], respectively. Categorical variables are presented as numbers (%). Early tracheostomy will be defined as tracheostomy within 10 days of intubation, and late tracheostomy will be defined as tracheostomy after 10 days. All statistical analyses will be performed using the SPSS software system.