In this randomized controlled trial (RCT) two different, guideline-approved algorithms for antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in people living with HIV (PLHIV) with presumptive Tuberculosis (TB), but no signs of central nervous system (CNS) disease will be compared. In one arm, same-day initiation (SDI) of ART will be applied ("ART first") for all participants independent of the status or results of initial TB investigations. In the other arm, an approach with deferral of ART initiation until TB is excluded or confirmed and TB treatment initiated will be applied ("TB results first"). The direct comparison of the two approaches in a pragmatic, two-country RCT conducted in a representative high-prevalence setting will provide evidence on the open question of optimal timing of ART initiation in the large subgroup of PLHIV with presumptive TB outside the CNS.
