iTONE Trial (exercIse Training in pulmONary hypertEnsion) Exercise Program for Pediatric PH

Pediatric pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare disease, affecting 2-16 per million children. Without treatment, pulmonary vascular disease leads to right ventricular cardiac failure and death. Survival has improved with pharmacologic advances, however, 5-year survival from diagnosis is still only about 75%. Even with increased survival, pediatric PH is a severe, chronic illness with physical and psychosocial burdens affecting the quality of life of children and families. Exercise intolerance is nearly universal and adversely affects quality of life. While exercise physiology is complex, skeletal muscle deficits and dysfunction are important factors associated with exercise intolerance in adults with PH. The contraction of the skeletal muscle pump helps increase pulmonary blood flow at the initiation of upright exercise in the normal circulation. Low skeletal muscle mass and muscle dysfunction may impair this mechanism in PH. Investigators previously demonstrated low skeletal muscle mass in association with worse exercise performance in children with PH and identified this as an intervention target. As children with PH engage in less moderate and vigorous physical activity compared to healthy peers, we hypothesize that increasing physical activity could increase skeletal muscle mass and lead to improved exercise performance. Recent trials have demonstrated improved exercise performance and functional class in adults with PH undertaking prescribed exercise training. Pediatric data are limited to a single, small study in which exercise performance improved after a 16-week home exercise program. That intervention did not include skeletal muscle assessment, wearable activity monitors, or specified behavioral theory, as does the current proposal. The characteristics of the optimal PH exercise program are not clear as prior studies often failed to provide sufficient detail to enable reproducibility. Most programs have been hospital-based, some with additional at-home components. Duration has varied from 4-15 weeks. Programs have included aerobic, resistance, and respiratory exercise. Patient adherence has been inconsistently assessed. While wearable activity monitors have been used to assess activities of daily living of PH patients, they have not been employed in PH exercise programs. In youth, practical concerns of developmental differences, access to facilities or equipment, and parental time commitment must be considered, and home programs may be critical to avoiding missed school and work. Newer technologic advances enable remote monitoring of physical activity in the home setting. Wearable accelerometer sensors with wireless transmission capabilities allow us to measure relevant endpoints from a patient's daily life. In this study, participants will undergo baseline assessment of muscle mass and strength and quality of life prior to a 16-week home exercise program, enriched by mobile health technology. Investigators will use a wrist-worn accelerometer paired with periodic text messages to measure activity, obtain daily downloads, and engage patients to promote adherence. Assessment of muscle mass and strength and quality of life will be repeated after the intervention. This real-time monitoring of adherence and feedback to the patient represent fundamental changes in PH treatment paradigms that can significantly enhance efficacy.