Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide. Neoadjuvant treatment (NAT) is part of the standardized treatment of breast cancer and is especially important for locally advanced breast cancer. Numerous studies have shown that patients who achieve pathological complete response (pCR) after NAT may have better disease-free and overall survival rates, thus making the survival advantage of radical surgery less significant. However, at present, pCR can only be judged by pathological testing of surgically resected specimens, and the question of whether pCR can be accurately judged preoperatively has become an urgent issue.
Artificial intelligence (AI) technology is a branch of computer science that attempts to understand the essence of intelligence and produce a new intelligent machine that can respond in a similar way to human intelligence, of which image recognition is widely used in clinical research as an important component of AI. In recent years, with the development of AI and related algorithms, more and more researchers are working on the use of image images to determine the efficacy of NAT more precisely, trying to exempt a fraction of patients who achieve pCR from radical surgery and never achieve a better appearance and quality of survival.
Simon's team selected 246 patients who attended Salzburg Oncology Center in Australia from 2006-2016, had pre-surgical DCE-MRI read by imaging scientists with more than 10 years of experience, and gave a judgment of complete remission, only to obtain a more pessimistic result: a positive predictive value of only 48%. jinsun's team selected patients who underwent NAT at Samsung Medical Center from 2007-2016. The results showed that the kappa value of the concordance test between radiologic complete response (rCR) and breast pCR was 0.459, and the kappa value of the concordance test between axillary rCR and axillary pCR Woo's and Erika's teams analyzed the subgroups that led to false-negative MRI determinations of pCR and suggested that patients with G1-2, Luminal A/B subtypes, and non-lumpy enhancement had difficulty assessing complete remission by MRI. It is evident that it is now difficult to use traditional modeling approaches for pCR to determine the level of clinical application.
Elizabeth's team used preoperative MRI, AI technology for feature extraction, and clinicopathological information to construct a pCR determination model, which performed well in the independent validation set with an AUC of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.71-0.94). Imon's team used Riesz feature extraction to determine pCR in triple-negative breast cancer patients undergoing NAT, and the final model ROC reached 0.85. Professor Yang Fan's team from the Department of Radiology, Wuhan Union Medical College Hospital, Wuhan, China, used multi-phase DCE-MRI parameters and machine learning algorithms to build the model, and the highest ROC area under the curve reached 0.919. The above results show that the pCR determination model of imaging histology with AI technology is a big improvement compared with the traditional model.
Although an increasing number of studies have confirmed the importance of imaging histology for NAT pCR determination, many of the current studies have some flaws. When evaluated using the international standard imaging histology RQS score, it was found that most of the studies: (i) lacked external validation cohorts; (ii) did not provide appropriate descriptions of parameter extraction; (iii) lacked a standardized process for imaging parameters; and (iv) had small sample sizes. Therefore more systematic and standardized studies are yet to be carried out by the majority of researchers.
Therefore, this project plans to establish and validate a model for determining pCR after NAT in breast cancer based on clinical information, imaging and pathological information of breast cancer patients in multiple centers using artificial intelligence technology in accordance with international guidelines and domestic expert consensus on breast cancer NAT, in order to solve the problem of surgical decision making for patients after NAT, by combining experts from breast medicine, surgery, pathology and imaging departments in several tertiary care hospitals across China. The model will be validated to solve the problem of surgical decision making for post-NAT patients.
