Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Vascular Reactivity in Cerebral Cavernous Malformations (CCM)

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. Individuals ages \<18 year
• •2. Subjects with a known fear of dyspnea or enclosed spaces will be excluded from this study as well as those with metal implants, COPD, heart conditions, and hypercapnia.
• •3. Subjects who have contraindications to MRI such as harboring incompatible ferromagnetic objects implanted in the body.
• •4. Pregnant women (screening for pregnancy will be performed by oral questionnaire. MRI is safe in pregnancy but the study will exclude pregnant subjects, as the effects of respiratory challenge cannot be predicted in such subjects. Since these effects are proportional to the stage of gestation, oral history will be sufficient to assure safety.)
• •5. Prisoners.
• •6. People unable to consent.
• •7. People unable to participate due to prior neurological deficits.
• •8. Subjects with underlying pre-existing pulmonary illness; such as asthma, COPD, pulmonary hypertension, will be excluded.
• •9. Cognitively impaired and/or participants not able to speak English language will not be included in the study (This pilot study involves performing motor and verbal tasks while in the MRI, in addition to undergoing a respiratory challenge, that requires understanding instructions clearly. We do not have current capabilities to include a translator who would be available at all stages of the study to include subjects who do not speak English.)