taVNS Cold Pressor

Exclusion Criteria

• •Diagnosis of COVID-19 in the past 14 days
• •Facial or ear pain or recent ear trauma.
• •Metal implant devices in the head, heart or neck.
• •History of brain stimulation or other brain surgery.
• •History of myocardial infarction or arrhythmia, bradycardia.
• •Use of B-blockers, antiarrhythmic medication (sodium/potassium/calcium-channel blockers), or blood pressure medications.
• •Active respiratory disorder.
• •Personal or family history of seizure or epilepsy or personal use of medications that substantially reduce seizure threshold (e.g., olanzapine, chlorpromazine, lithium).
• •Personal history of head injury, concussion, or self-report of moderate to severe traumatic brain injury.
• •Individuals suffering from frequent/severe headaches.
• •Individuals with a reported history of any mental health disorder or taking any psychotropic medications.
• •Moderate to severe alcohol or substance use disorder.
• •Pregnancy