Investigational Use of Neuromuscular Ultrasound

Study Description: Currently there are a limited number of biomarkers that can provide quantitative, reliable information about nerve and muscle function and structure in patients with neuromuscular diseases. This protocol aims to investigate and define specific ultrasound imaging techniques of nerves and muscles that may be useful as biomarkers in clinical trials. For nerve studies, we aim to evaluate the use of high resolution ultrasound probes for B-mode imaging including cross sectional area, diameter and nerve fascicle counts. Additional imaging modalities will be evaluated including shear wave elastography and low flow microvascular imaging. Ultrasound modalities for muscle imaging will include B-mode imaging, muscle thickness, echo-intensity and or shear wave imaging and low flow microvascular imaging. The hypothesis for incorporating these ultrasound imaging modalities into neuromuscular evaluations is these techniques can provide unique quantitative, reproducible data about the structure of nerves and muscles. This information can be used to compare patients with controls and measure change in these modalities in neuromuscular disease states and determine if these measures can serve as a reliable biomarker in neuromuscular diseases. Objectives: Primary Objectives: * To acquire normative values for elastography of muscle in a population of healthy volunteers * To acquire normative values for elastography of nerve in a population of healthy volunteers * To acquire normative values of nerve fascicular count in a population of healthy volunteers * To collect normal values of M-mode diaphragm imaging during quiet and deep breathing and voluntary sniff testing in a population of health controls to establish normal values. Secondary Objectives: * To determine the reproducibility of specialized techniques involving ultrasound of muscle and nerve: shear wave elastography in muscles and nerves, nerve fascicle counts * To determine the presence or absence of low flow microvascular flow within nerves of a population of healthy volunteers Exploratory Objectives: * To compare shear wave elastography values (kPa, meters/second) with standard nerve conduction values; amplitude and nerve conduction velocities in healthy controls and participants with neuromuscular diseases. * To compare shear wave elastography values with muscle thickness, echotexture and Heckmatt Scale values * To compare shear wave elastography values (kPa, meters/second), nerve fascicle count and microvascular flow between volunteers with participants with neuromuscular disorders * To compare B-mode quantitative measures of muscle in healthy controls and participants with neuromuscular diseases. * To compare M-mode imaging values of diaphragm (excursion of movement) during quiet and deep breathing and voluntary sniff tests in healthy controls and patients with neuromuscular diseases. * To quantitate the low flow microvascularity in nerves and muscles in healthy volunteers * To develop a method for automated analysis of peripheral nerves that would allow for reproducible and refined imaging of nerves. Endpoints: Primary Endpoint: * Muscle (deltoid, triceps, bicep, flexor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum communis, first dorsal interossei, rectus femoris, semimembranosus, tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius)elastography (m/s) * Nerve (median and ulnar in the forearm, tibial in the calf) elastography (m/s) * Nerve fascicular count (median and ulnar at wrist, tibial at ankle) in a population of normal volunteers (binary) * M-mode diaphragm imaging during quiet and deep breathing and voluntary sniff testing in a population of health volunteers Secondary Endpoints: * Reproducibility * Muscle elastography (m/s) * Nerve elastography (m/s) * Nerve fascicle counts (#) * Presence of low flow microvascularity in nerves (binary value) Exploratory Endpoint: * Amplitude (mV) and conduction velocity (m/s) obtained from standard nerve conduction studies and nerve elastography values (m/s) obtained from specialized techniques (median, ulnar, tibial) * Ultrasound data on muscle thickness (mm) and Heckmatt Scale values (1-4) * Nerve elastography (m/s), fascicular count (#), and microvascular flow (binary-yes/no) * Muscle elastography (m/s), thickness (mm), Heckmatt scale * M-mode imaging values of diaphragm (excursion of movement) during quiet and deep breathing and voluntary sniff tests * Quantitative values of low flow microvascularity in muscles and nerves * Reproducible ability to identify nerve and/or nerve associated structures using automated analysis