Safety and Efficacy of the Bacteriophage Preparation, ShigActive™, in a Human Experimental Model of Shigellosis

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. Blood products received within 120 days before first treatment.
• •2. Investigational research agents received within 30 days before first treatment.
• •3. Body mass index (BMI) less than 19.0 kg/m2 or greater than 36.0 kg/m2.
• •4. Pregnant or breastfeeding.
• •5. Poor venous access, as defined by inability to obtain venous blood after 3 venipuncture attempts.
• •6. Persons whose occupation involves the handling of ETEC, cholera, or Shigella bacteria.
• •7. Regular (one time per week or more) use of antidiarrheals, stool softeners, laxatives, antacids, or other agents to lower stomach acidity.
• •8. Use of oral or IV antimicrobials within 2 weeks of study start or planned use during active study phase.
• •9. Proton pump inhibitors, H2 blockers or antacids within 48 hours prior to dosing or planned use during active study phase.
• •10. Abnormal bowel patterns, defined by \<3 stools per week or \>2 stools per day on average over the past 6 months.
• •11. Taking supplemental probiotics in the form of pills or tablets within 2 weeks of enrollment or during study period.
• •12. Received prior vaccines, challenges or known exposure to (e.g., laboratory worker) Shigella within the past 3 years.
• •13. Live attenuated vaccines received within 30 days before first study treatment or scheduled within 14 days after the first study treatment (e.g., measles, mumps, and rubella \[MMR\]; oral polio vaccine \[OPV\]; varicella; yellow fever; live attenuated influenza vaccine).
• •14. Any vaccines that are not live attenuated vaccines and were received within 14 days prior to first treatment (e.g., COVID-19, tetanus, pneumococcal, hepatitis A or B).
• •15. Allergy treatment with antigen injections within 30 days before first treatment or that are scheduled within 14 days after first treatment.
• •16. Immunosuppression as the result of an underlying illness
• •17. Immunosuppressive medications received within 30 days before first treatment or planned use during study (Not exclusionary: 1) corticosteroid nasal spray; 2) inhaled corticosteroids; 3) topical corticosteroids for mild, uncomplicated dermatitis; or 4) a single course of oral/parenteral prednisone or equivalent at doses \<60 mg/day and length of therapy \<11 days with completion at least 30 days prior to enrollment).
• •18. Immunoglobulin received within 60 days before first treatment.
• •19. Autoimmune disease (Not exclusionary: mild, well-controlled psoriasis).
• •20. History of myocarditis, pericarditis, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure with permanent sequelae, clinically significant arrhythmia (including any arrhythmia requiring medication, treatment, or clinical follow-up.)
• •21. Clinically significant medical condition, physical examination findings, clinically significant abnormal laboratory results, or past medical history with clinically significant implications for current health. A clinically significant condition or process includes but is not limited to:
• •1. A process that would affect the immune response;
• •2. A process that would require medication that affects the immune response;
• •3. Any contraindication to repeated injections or blood draws;
• •4. A condition that requires active medical intervention or monitoring to avert grave danger to the volunteer's health or well-being during the study period;
• •5. A condition or process for which signs or symptoms could be confused with reactions to treatment or challenge;
• •• Chronic liver disease, renal insufficiency, unstable or progressive neurological disorders, diabetes mellitus, collagen vascular disease (such as lupus), active neoplastic disease (not cured or in remission), previous hematological malignancy, or seizure since the age of 21 years;
• •7. Any of the following in the past 10 years: Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel disease, celiac disease, stomach or intestinal ulcers, or 2 or more episodes of inflammatory arthritis (joint pain and swelling);
• •8. Any history of recurrent infections;
• •9. Any current illness requiring daily medication (vitamins, birth control pills, nasal or topical medications, allowed);
• •10. Blood in stool on \>2 occasions (other than small amounts from straining) in past 12 months;
• •11. Recurrent diarrhea (\>5 episodes in past 6 months, each lasting \>3 days or more).
• •22. History of excessive alcohol consumption or drug dependence within last 3 years
• •23. Any medical, psychiatric, occupational, or other condition that, in the judgment of the Investigator, would interfere with, or serve as a contraindication to, protocol adherence, assessment of safety or reactogenicity, or a volunteer's ability to give informed consent
• •24. Bleeding disorder diagnosed by a doctor (e.g., factor deficiency, coagulopathy, or platelet disorder requiring special precautions.)
• •25. Malignancy (Not excluded from participation: Volunteer who has had malignancy excised surgically and who, in the Investigator's estimation, has a reasonable assurance of sustained cure, or who is unlikely to experience recurrence of malignancy during the period of the study.)
• •26. Seizure disorder/epilepsy: History of seizure(s) within past three years. Also exclude if volunteer has used medications in order to prevent or treat seizure(s) at any time within the past 3 years
• •27. Asplenia: any condition resulting in the absence of a functional spleen
• •28. History of chronic GI illness, including severe dyspepsia, lactose intolerance, or other significant GI tract disease (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel syndrome, gastric ulcer disease)
• •29. Any other criteria which, in the Investigator's opinion, would compromise the ability of the subject to participate in the study, the safety of the study, or the results of the study
• •30. Phase 2a only: Occupation as a food handler, in child-care, in elder-care or as a healthcare worker with direct contact from challenge to 4 weeks after discharge home.
• •31. Phase 2a only: Serum Shigella flexneri 2a LPS IgG titer of ≥2500
• •32. Phase 2a only: History of diarrhea in the 7 days prior to treatment (outpatient diarrhea is defined as ≥ 3 unformed \[Grade 3 or greater\] loose stools in 24 hours).
• •33. Phase 2a only: Screening stool culture positive for the presence of Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, Vibrio cholera or presence of pathogenic protozoa by microscopic examination.
• •34. Phase 2a only: Screening stool culture with an absence of normal flora.
• •35. Phase 2a only: Subjects who are unwilling to abstain from taking antipyretics or analgesics during the 7 days following treatment.
• •36. Phase 2a only: Persons with IgA deficiency (serum IgA \<70 mg/dL)
• •37. Phase 2a only: Symptoms of traveler's diarrhea associated with travel to countries where Shigella or other enteric infections are endemic (most of the developing world) within 3 years prior to dosing
• •38. Phase 2a only: History of shigellosis within the last 3 years
• •39. Phase 2a only: History of the following types of abdominal surgery:
• •1. Any major GI surgery (e.g., intestinal resection or splenectomy);
• •2. Laparoscopic abdominal surgery within the past year;
• •3. Presence of a large abdominal scar of unclear origin.
• •40. Phase 2a only: Known significant allergy to ciprofloxacin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
• •41. Phase 2a only: Electrocardiogram (ECG) with clinically significant findings or features that would interfere with the assessment of myo/pericarditis, as determined by a contract ECG Lab or cardiologist, including any of the following:
• •1. Conduction disturbance (complete left or complete right bundle branch block or nonspecific intraventricular conduction disturbance with QRS ≥120 ms, PR interval ≥220 ms, any second or third degree AV block, or QTc prolongation \>450 ms);
• •2. Repolarization (ST segment or T wave) abnormality that will interfere with the assessment of myo/pericarditis;
• •3. Significant atrial or ventricular arrhythmia;
• •4. Frequent atrial or ventricular ectopy (e.g., frequent premature atrial contractions, 2 premature ventricular contractions in a row);
• •5. ST elevation consistent with ischemia;
• •6. Evidence of past or evolving myocardial infarction.