Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) are small flexible tubes that are vital for the delivery of therapies, such as fluids, drugs, and blood transfusions that are required in up to 70% of hospitalized patients. The PIVC is introduced through the skin into the peripheral veins of the arms, hands, or lower limbs. Despite their relatively short-term use (typically \<1 week) they are a potential source of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) implicated in up to 5% of nosocomial bacteremias, with a prevalence of 0.67%-2.4 %. Such infections increase a patient's risk of death, discomfort, and length of hospital stay.
Among pediatric patients with hemato-oncologic disease, intravascular catheter-associated bloodstream infection is the most common cause of bloodstream infections leading to increased mortality and morbidity in such patients. The Mortality rates of bloodstream infections in patients with malignancy are significantly higher than in patients without malignancy. There is a paucity of data on blood stream infections (BSIs) generally amongst paediatric oncology patients in low and middle-income countries, and especially CRBSIs.
Cancer patients are predisposed to BSI for several reasons:
* Alterations in anatomic barriers, both internal and external leading to enhance access of bacteria and fungi to the bloodstream.
* Changes in both cell-mediated and humoral immunity occur related both to the primary tumor and the subsequent treatment.
* Infectious complications in pediatric hematology-oncology patients have been significantly associated with the presence of indwelling catheters.
With most clinical studies focusing on central vascular catheters, infections associated with short peripheral venous catheters have received little attention. While central line-associated bloodstream infections have become an important metric in assessing patient safety, peripheral intravenous catheters (PVCs) remain underappreciated as an intravascular device that is also responsible for catheter-associated bloodstream infections.
Catheter related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) is defined as the presence of bacteremia originating from an intravenous catheter. An estimated 60% of these CRBSIs are associated with the patient's skin flora.The skin is a complex environment that provides greater space for diverse commensal and pathogenic microbes. Catheter colonization occurs by progression of microorganisms to the tip of the catheter along either the inner surface (≥7 days of indwelling time) or the outer surface (\<7 days of indwelling time) of the catheter. Even despite skin site decontamination with antiseptic prior to PIVC insertion, bacteria may remain in the hair follicles and lower dermis, and immediately after post insertion catheter, the bacteria begin proliferation. If conditions are particularly favorable, for example moisture from diaphoresis, blood ooze, and numerous hair follicles, bacterial growth becomes faster. Skin bacteria can progressively colonize down the insertion site along the PIVC tract. However, the impact of PIVC skin site colonization on tip colonization and the development of CRBSI has never been investigated comprehensively.
