Abdominal surgeries including weight loss surgery, or partial/complete resection of the stomach or bowel
Untreated thyroid disease
Neurological disease
Major medical condition that may put the subject at risk or interfere with data collection as determined by the PI/MD
Chronic pain
Diagnosed DSM IV active psychiatric illness including eating disorders. Must not be active or present for at least 2 years.
Use of medications known to affect hunger, satiety, and/or appetite.
Unable to safely participate in the MRI (claustrophobia, presence of devices affected by MRI such as pacemakers, neurostimulators, or any metallic foreign body, etc.)
Pregnant, lactating, postpartum less than 6mo
Women of childbearing age who are not practicing birth control or are planning to get pregnant during the study.
Body weight at enrollment greater than 400lbs due to weight restrictions on the MRI table
Use of oral/IV antibiotics within the last 3 months
Use of probiotics in the last month
Heavy use of tobacco, alcohol, and/or drug use/abuse
Significant change in usual diet and/or weight loss of more than 10lbs in the last 2months
Refugees or recent immigration of less than 2 years in the USA.
Temporary workers/visitors/students
Recent international travel if more than 3 weeks within the last 3 months.
Use of the following medications is exclusionary:
Opiates/narcotics
Chronic daily use of high dose OTC analgesics
Anti-seizure medications
Medications for appetite suppression
Chronic use of laxatives/antidiarrheals, medications affecting GI motility
Insulin
Bile Acid Sequestrants
Centrally acting medications that will interfere with the neuroimaging testing
Thyroid replacement medications (OK if stable for at least 3mo)
Heavy use of tobacco/cannabis
Heavy use of alcohol ( \>7/week for women)
Antidepressants (5HT3's/Tricyclics) (OK if stable for at least 3mo)
