The Effect of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) for Cesarean Section on Neonatal Blood Glucose

Cesarean section is one of the most common surgeries performed today with over one million performed in the United States annually. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) is a standardized set of guidelines which has been utilized in multiple surgical disciplines, including colorectal, urologic, gynecologic, and hepatobiliary surgery. ERAS guidelines are now being adopted for the obstetric population and provide evidence-based guidelines for perioperative care for cesarean delivery. Part of the preoperative ERAS pathway includes the recommendation for oral administration of a carbohydrate- containing fluid prior to surgery. A Cochrane review found that across several trials, carbohydrate loading was associated with favorable outcomes such as decreased time to passage of gas and reduction in length of hospital stay. Maternal outcomes are improved due to the decrease in insulin resistance that perioperative carbohydrate loading provides. During surgery, the body enters a catabolic state leading to insulin resistance that may delay recovery. Preoperative carbohydrate drinks have also been given to patients with diabetes, and although the decrease in insulin resistance is less certain, there seems to be less risk of postoperative hyperglycemia and the practice is considered safe but needing more study. While it is clear that ERAS provides benefits to the mother, less is understood about the effects on the fetus and neonate. Fetal and neonatal glucose level is known to be strongly tied to the level of insulin resistance and glucose level in the mother, particularly in the immediate time period prior to birth. Neonatal hypoglycemia after delivery is an important determinate of health, as hypoglycemia has been linked to poor neurologic outcomes. Cesarean section is a known risk factor for neonatal hypoglycemia requiring IV dextrose with an odds ratio of 1.4. There are known risk factors for neonatal hypoglycemia, such as being the infant of a diabetic mother, preterm, weight \<2500g, or \>4500g, and poor feeding, however, the incidence of hypoglycemia in neonates with no clear risk factors is 5-15%. With health care systems adopting the ERAS protocol as part of the standardized guidelines for perioperative care, it will be important to understand the effect of carbohydrate loading on both maternal and neonatal glucose levels as well as other outcomes.