Paravertebral Versus Caudal Block in Pediatric PCNL

To compare the efficacy of Ultrasound guided thoracic paravertebral block versus ultrasound guided caudal epidural block in pediatric patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a commonly performed surgical procedure for complex upper renal tract calculi. Although the skin incision for PCNL appears small, the intensity of intraoperative and postoperative pain is significant owing to soft tissue injury. Paravertebral block is the technique of injecting local anesthetics in a space immediately lateral to where the spinal nerves emerge from the intervertebral foramina. This technique is used increasingly for intra-operative and post-operative. Caudal epidural block involves placing a needle through the sacral hiatus to deliver medications into the epidural space. This approach is used widely used for surgical anesthesia and analgesia in pediatric patients. this work aims to compare the efficacy of Ultrasound guided thoracic paravertebral block versus ultrasound guided caudal epidural block in pediatric patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy