Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation at Danish Nursing Homes

Background: Residents in nursing homes belong to one of the high-risk groups when it comes to vitamin D deficiency, which is associated with increased risk of osteoporosis, muscle weakness and generally decreased physical functioning and frailty. Therefore, the Danish Health Authority recommends that all residents in nursing homes receive a daily supplement of 20 µg of vitamin D in addition to 800-1000 mg of calcium. Some systematic reviews and meta-analyses find that daily supplementation of 20 µg of vitamin D can improve physical functioning and muscle strength among older adults, whereas others do not find an effect. However, most studies are performed in non-institutionalized older adults. An online survey conducted in May 2020 has revealed that the recommendation of giving residents in nursing homes a daily supplement of 20 µg vitamin D and 800-1000 mg calcium is not routine clinical practice in Denmark. The Danish Health Authority highlights The Model for Improvement as a tool to use when working with evidence-based practice within prevention and health promotion in the municipalities. Objectives: * To increase use of the recommended supplements with vitamin D and calcium among residents at nursing homes using The Model for Improvement as a methodological tool. * To investigate the effect of improved vitamin D and calcium supplement use on vitamin D status and daily physical functioning among residents at nursing homes. Hypotheses: * Vitamin D status among residents at nursing homes are low and the majority can be defined as vitamin D insufficient. * Vitamin D status and daily physical functioning of the residents are positively affected by an improved implementation of the recommendation. Design and Methods: The project has a quasi-experimental design without control groups. It estimates the causal impact of The Model for Improvement on implementing the specific recommendation in a realistic setting at the nursing homes. The study includes the following endpoints related to the older adults at the nursing homes evaluated before and after the intervention: * Number of residents at the participating nursing homes taking supplementation of ≥20 µg of vitamin D and/or ≥800 mg of calcium ≥5 days/week. * Number of residents at the participating nursing homes classified as having an insufficient and deficient vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D \<50 nmol/L and \<25 nmol/L, respectively) * Mean daily physical functioning measured as muscle strength, 30-s chair-stand test, and a timed-up-and-go test.