Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is the most common pain syndrome of the knee arising around the patella due to knee overload during flexion and extension. It is defined as common anterior knee pain that occurs during non-traumatic activities such as squatting, running, climbing and climbing stairs. Risk factors for PFPS include dynamic valgus, female gender, foot abnormalities, overuse and sudden increase in physical activity, patellar instability, and quadriceps weakness .
In order to reveal effective treatment in PFPS, primary reasons that may cause the syndrome should be emphasized. The causes of PFPS are multifactorial and it is difficult to determine the actual effects that may cause the disease.However, when PFPS is considered from a biomechanical point of view, there is a strong relationship between the knee joint and the ankle and hip joint.
While rest, ice and analgesics are used in the early period in PFPS treatment, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), patellar banding, patellofemoral knee and foot orthoses, biofeedback, running gait retraining, blood circulation restriction therapy are used in the treatment of PFPS in the early period. Dry needling, manual therapy, biophysical agents, patient education and combined therapies are used. In the treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome, the treatment method that has been focused in recent years is conservative treatment. Among these, physiotherapy is the cornerstone of treatment.
Although the common treatment is quadriceps strengthening, in recent years, therapies have been emphasized to strengthen the gluteus medius and increase the stability of the core. At the 5th International Meeting of the Patellofemoral Pain Research Center (2018, Australia), combined strengthening programs with strengthening of the quadriceps and hip muscles were recommended in the treatment of PFPS.
Although a versatile treatment is generally performed, the rate of PFAS recurrence is 91%. Due to the high recurrence rate, more effective treatment options should be revealed. When the literature is reviewed, it has been reported that in PFPS cases, there is an increase in muscle strength and endurance with the isokinetic exercise (IE) program, and this provides dynamic knee stabilization.The IE program is mostly in the direction of knee flexion / extension, and it has been found that there are very few applications of IE programs in the direction of hip (gluteus medius) abduction / adduction, internal and external rotation.
Physiotherapy applications are directed towards the management of developing dysfunction and reducing pain. Strengthening and endurance training are emphasized in routine treatment. Although isokinetic enhancement programs are the most effective method in treatment, neuromuscular electrical stimulation rehabilitation programs are also frequently used. The effectiveness of eletrotherapy modalities to increase muscle strength and endurance is not clear. Among these, medium frequency burst modality alternative (Russian and Australian) current can be used as a new treatment option. Low frequency pulsed currents (LFPC) and medium (kHz) frequency alternating currents (FAC) are frequently used in physiotherapy and rehabilitation.
Austrian current (AC) is a more effective and comfortable current between 1-10 kHz medium frequency currents. This current can be used for various purposes including muscle strengthening, pain control, increasing circulation, edema control and aesthetic treatments.
AC started to be used in the Latin America region with the devices it launched with Ibramed company in 2010. It creates much less discomfort in the patient compared to AC Russ Current (RC) and low frequency currents. It is used in sinusoidal wave form.
In recent meta-analysis studies on PFAS, she stated that new methods should be aimed at identifying the most cost-effective and most effective treatment modalities. Although there are studies in the literature showing the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation, it has been found that there are no studies comparing medium frequency burst modulated alternating currents (AC and RC) with IE in patients with PFPS.
In the national literature, there are no scientific studies on the Australian current method. The application of RC and AC together with the isokinetic method, whose effectiveness has been determined in the literature, is very important in terms of determining the most effective treatment method.
Objectives of the study In individuals with PFPS, isokinetic IE together with medium frequency burst modality alternating currents;
* To reduce the pain during rest and activity,
* Increasing functional mobility,
* Facilitating Activities of Daily Living (FADL),
* To increase the quality of life.
Sample of the Research Power analysis G\*Power 3.1.9.2 program was used to calculate the sample size. The power of the research is defined as the possibility of revealing the difference between the two applications. The effect size was 0.25, the alpha level was 0.05, and the power of the study was 0.95, and it was determined that a total of 52 subjects should be included in the study in the calculation made in the form of four groups and four repeated measurements made in the G-power program. In similar studies in the literature, it was determined that there was a 15% loss. In this study, it was planned that a total of 60 cases should be included in the study, assuming 15% loss.
Application Closed opaque envelopes showing the patient's group will be prepared. Opaque envelopes will be listed from 1 to 60 according to the randomly generated numbers. An envelope will be given to the patient according to the order of the incoming patient. The assignment code of each patient will only be disclosed to the physiotherapist performing the treatment at the beginning of the treatment protocol.The physiotherapist will include the patient in the group in accordance with the code and perform the application.It will be ensured that subjects in the RC, AC and placebo electrical stimulation groups do not know what type of stimulation they were given.
Pilot Study A pilot study will be conducted on a group of four people (one person from each group) in order to evaluate the applicability of data collection forms and treatments to be used in the study.
Blinding İsokinetic exercise (IE), Aussie current (AC), Rus current (RC), Placebo Electrical Stimulation (PES) Group,
Patients in theIE, IE + AC, IE + RC, IE +PEC groups will not be informed about the application other than exercise. The evaluations will be carried out by a physiotherapist who does not know which group the patients are in.
The physical (age, height, gender, body mass index) and socio-demographic (occupation, marital status, educational status, income-expense balance) information of the participants who will read the informed consent form and volunteer to participate in the study will be recorded. The duration of the PFPS complaint (weeks), the time elapsed since the diagnosis of PFPS (weeks), history characteristics (hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other chronic systemic diseases) will be noted. Pain intensity at rest and during performance-based functional mobility tests will be determined using the Patellofemoral Syndrome Pain Severity Scale (PSPSS). All evaluations will be done before treatment (BT), immediately after treatment, after three weeks of treatment (TA), and one month after treatment (Control).
Treatment Program The Isokinetic Exercise program will be applied to the patients as described above. Appropriate modalities will be set on the electrical stimulation device, but the device will not be operated. It will be applied for 20 minutes.
4 treatment groups will be treated five days a week, 15 sessions for three weeks. If participants miss any treatment, there will be additional treatment sessions.
Dependent Variables of the Research
* Patellofemoral Syndrome Pain Severity Scale
* Timed Get Up and Go Test result
* Stair up and down test
* Kujala Patellofemoral score
* Tegner Activity Level score
* Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale score
* Knee Test Score for Daily Living Activities
* Short Form SF-36 score
* Passive and Painless Active Knee Joint Range of Motion
* Isokinetic Muscle Strength score
* Q Angle Measurement Degree
Study Independent Variable
* Isokinetic Exercise Therapy Program
* Isokinetic Exercise Australia Current Therapy Program
* Isokinetic Exercise Russian Current Therapy Program
* Isokinetic Exercise Placebo Electrical Stimulation Therapy Program
