Ophthalmologic Evaluation of Patients With Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Before and After Bariatric Surgery

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. Patients with pre-existing ocular diseases or visual alterations were excluded to avoid confounding factors related to pre-existing retinal pathology, independent from obesity per se.
• •2. Patients with dementia, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis or other severe neurological diseases were also excluded since ophthalmologic parameters may be altered in these conditions.
• •3. Patients with lens opacities that made impossible the posterior segment examination, or with a refractive error \> +5 or \<-8 diopters spherical equivalent were also excluded.