Glycemic Gap Versus Admission Plasma Glucose Level As Predictors of ICU Out Comes in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Acute Heart Failure

Hyperglycemia is a common problem in patients wi9non-diabetic patients but not in patients with diabetes . The relationship between admission hyperglycemia and mortality in diabetic patients with AHF or critical illness remains controversial . Those discrepancies could be partly attributed to long-term glycemic control in diabetic patients. Critical illness can induce stress-induced hyperglycemia (SIH), which results from the excess release of counter-regulatory hormones and anti-inflammatory cytokines, leading to augmented gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance. In diabetic patients with acute illness, the phenomenon of admission hyperglycemia could be connected with acute physiological stress, poorer glycemic controls, or a combination of both . It is necessary to think about background glycemic control when exploring the relationships between admissions Hyperglycemia and clinical outcomes. Recent studies have shown that hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)-based adjusted glycemic variables, including glycemic gap and stress hyperglycemia ratio, were linked to severity of disease and unfavorable prognosis in diabetic patients with some infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases and clinical illness