Left hemisphere cerebral stroke at least 6 months prior to testing
Presence of severe-to-moderate, non-fluent aphasia, i.e. Aphasia Quotients of 0-50 on the Western Aphasia Battery-Revised (PsychCorp, 2007)
Corrected pure tone threshold (octave frequencies 250- 4000 Hz) norms for their age and gender41,42 NOTE: Audiometry data will be collected for all participants by lab personnel trained by an audiologist in a sound-attenuated booth. Based on our ongoing aphasia studies, we expect that \~30% of participants will use hearing aids; we will not exclude these individuals but rather include hearing aid use as a covariate in analyses.
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Severe concurrent uncontrolled medical problems (e.g. cardiorespiratory impairment).