Study Design The proposed study will be a longitudinal cohort study in which participants will attend one assessment session as inpatients in the subacute stage and a further assessment six months later, during which time patients are likely to be outpatients. Each session will last up to two hours and questionnaires may be completed within the hospital or outside. To minimise the drop-out, patients will be followed-up though their regular visits to the Queen Elizabeth National Spinal Injuries Uni (QENSIU) or Stoke Mandeville National Spinal Injuries Centre (NSIC) to categorise occurrence of pain, based on the recommended criteria for CNP and the International Spinal Cord Injury Pain Classification System. For those unable to attend the follow-up session, Co-Investigators will take information from their patient notes about their pain, allodynia and hyperalgesia in order to ensure that pain status is collected twice for all participants.
The study will be carried out on 20 able bodied and 60 subacute SCI patients, 40 with no CNP, and 20 with CNP (refer to section 8 for group size considerations). All patients will attend two recording sessions, 2 hours in length, during which time they will undergo EEG recordings as well as sensory testing (including mechanical and thermal tests). This is based on protocol used with the previous cohort. The first test will be carried out as soon as the patients' health condition allows them to sit for the duration of the experiment (this could be within first 3-6 months post injury as Stoke Mandeville Natioanl Spinal Injury Centre (NSIC) does not admit any early injury patients) and the second assessment will take place approximately 6 months later. Able-bodied participants will attend only one session.
Recruitment QENSIU admits around 110 new patients annually whilst Stoke Mandeville Hospital admits around 200. This gives 600 potential volunteers over a 2 year period which should be sufficient to recruit the targeted number. It is planned to recruit approximately half of participants (around 30 people with SCI) from each centre.
Patients will be identified and approached by their clinical consultants (Co-Investigators Dr Mariel Purcell and Dr Maurizio Belci). Prior to participating, patients will be given information sheets and consent forms to sign and should the participant themselves be unable to physically sign, a witnessed proxy can do so on the patient's behalf.
Able bodied participants will be recruited by advertising the study at the University of Glasgow and their data will be collected within the University of Glasgow Rehabilitation Engineering laboratory on University Campus. They will be recruited by the PhD student.
Assessments The patient participants will attend one assessment session as inpatients in the subacute stage and a further assessment six months later. Experimental and data collection procedures will be identical in both the first and second assessments undertaken by patients. This includes EEG recordings, sensory testing and questionnaires. Able bodied participants will only attend one assessment.
Experimental Procedures Questionnaires During assessment sessions, all patients will be asked to complete questionnaires which will allow us collect data on the status of their pain at the time of each visit.
The following questionnaires will be given to patients who at the time of assessment experience CNP:
* Brief Pain Inventory
* McGill pain questionnaire
* Neuropathic Pain Symptoms Inventory
* Multidimensional health locus of control (referring to spinal cord injury as "condition")
* Pain catastrophising scale (referring to the existing pain)
Patients who at the time of first assessment already had pain will be asked to repeat only first two questionnaires on the second assessment, after 6 months. It takes approximately 30 min to fill out all 5 questionnaires. Patients can fill out questionnaires at their own time. Outpatients (second assessment) will receive questionnaires and an envelope with a stamp to post it, or they could alternatively take scan/photos of questionnaires and send them to research team.
Patients with no pain will be asked to complete:
* Brief Pain Inventory
* Multidimensional health locus of control (referring to spinal cord injury as "condition")
Able bodied participants will be asked to fill out the Brief Pain Inventory. All patients with CNP will be diagnosed prior to the study as part of their regular treatment at the hospital. The diagnosis is based on recommendations by the International Spinal Cord Association.
Equipment All equipment has necessary medical device Certificate Europe (CE) mark. Both spinal units (QENSIU and NSIC) and University facilities (for able-bodied assessments) have the same equipment.
Sensory Tests We will use existing clinical American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) testing information to assess the level and completes of injury i.e. we will gain this information from patient notes following assessment performed by healthcare professional.
All patients will be tested for mechanical and thermal sensations at the foot and shin of both legs and on the trapezoidal muscle on both sides. These are recommended sensory sites from the literature for the following reasons: the feet and shanks are under the level of injury in both tetra and paraplegic patients and are typically reported as locations where most patients with SCI CNP report pain. Trapezoidal muscles are above the level of injury for all patients. Testing only 3 sites on both sides should minimise total assessment time and reduce patients' inconvenience.
Sensory mechanical assessments will comprise a determination of light touch and pinprick which will also serve as a sign of allodynia and hyperalgesia. A mechanical wind up test (with monofilament no. 6.65) will be performed and sensory thermal tests will be conducted using a device named "Rolltemp" (manufacturer "Somedic SenseLab" ). This device consists of two rollers on handles, one roller being warm and the other cold. These are rolled over the skin of the patients who are able to determine the corresponding sensations. Sensory testing will take 30-40 min.
Able bodied participants will not undergo sensory tests.
EEG Recording EEG will be recorded from 64 locations over the entire scalp according to the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society's 10-10 system. EEG will be recorded with a g.Tech biosignal USB amplifier (Guger Technologies, Austria) which enables on-line EEG measurement, signal analysis and visualisation of EEG signals on a computer screen.
Markers of longstanding CNP are present in both spontaneous and induced states such as during motor imagination. As such, EEG activity will first be recorded in the relaxed state of all patients with eyes open and eyes closed (spontaneous EEG), followed by EEG recording during cue-based motor imagination as done previously with the original cohort. This study showed that the presence of CNP affects cortical areas of both paralysed and non-paralysed limbs. Induced EEG will be recorded during cue-based motor imagination where the task will comprise patients sitting in front of a computer screen and undergoing several trials imagining waving their left hand, right hand or tapping both feet. The motor imagery session will be separated into 6 sub sessions each last approximately 5 minutes, to minimise patient discomfort due to tiredness and increased level of concentration. Duration of the EEG recording including setup, breaks and active participation will be up to 1.5 hours. Patients will be allowed to use their mobile phone or to read during the setup period.
In summary, sensory tests and EEG recording will take approximately 2 hours and will be performed on the same day. Filling out self-administered questionnaires will take up to an additional 30 min and may be carried out on the same day or separately. During the first assessment patients will get advice and assistance from researchers when completing the questionnaires. For the second assessment they will be able to fill them out at home on their own.
