The Role of the Opioid System in Placebo Effects on Pain and Social Rejection

Exclusion Criteria

• •Current presence of pain
• •Current or past history of primary psychiatric disorder
• •Current or past history of psychoactive substance abuse or dependence
• •Dementias
• •Movement disorders except familial tremor
• •CNS infection
• •CNS vasculitis, inflammatory disease or autoimmune disease
• •CNS demyelinating disease (e.g. multiple sclerosis)
• •Space occupying lesions (mass lesions, tumors)
• •Congenital CNS abnormality (e.g. cerebral palsy)
• •Seizure disorder
• •History of closed head trauma with loss of consciousness
• •History of cerebrovascular disease (stroke, TIAs)
• •Abnormal MRI (except changes accounted for by technical factors or UBOs)
• •Neuroendocrine disorder (e.g., Cushings disease)
• •Uncorrected hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism
• •Current or past history of cancer; Recent history (within two years) of myocardial infarction, severe cardiovascular disease, or currently active cardiovascular disease (e.g. angina, cardiomyopathy)
• •Uncontrolled hypertension or hypotension
• •Chronic pain syndromes
• •Chronic fatigue syndromes
• •Subjects unable to tolerate the scanning procedures (e.g., claustrophobia)
• •Prior treatment within the last month with any of the following: antidepressants, mood stabilizers, glucocorticoids, opiates
• •Prior treatment with any of the following: antipsychotics, isoniazid, centrally active antihypertensive drugs (e.g. clonidine, reserpine)
• •Metal in body or prior history working with metal fragments (e.g., as a machinist)
• •For women, pregnancy
• •Any other contraindications for MRI examination (e.g., metallic implants such as pacemakers, surgical aneurysm clips, or known metal fragments embedded in the body)
• •Claustrophobia