Lead Sponsor

Beijing Tiantan Hospital

Age

18 - 64 years

Sex

ALL

Healthy Volunteers

No

•scheduled for elective supratentorial craniotomy under general anesthesia;
•age 18 to 64 years;
•an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of I, II or III;
•preoperative Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 15/15.

•History of chronic headache or chronic pain syndrome of any cause, psychiatric disorders, or uncontrolled epilepsy;
•Inability to understand or use the pain scales before surgery;
•Excessive alcohol or drug abuse, chronic opioid use (more than 2 weeks or 3 days per week for more than 1 month), use of drugs with confirmed or suspected sedative or analgesic effects, or use of any painkiller within 24 hours before surgery;
•Request of oral/intravenous glucocorticoid to decrease cerebral edema within 1 week before surgery;
•Pregnancy or breastfeeding;
•Extreme body mass index (BMI) (\< 15 or \> 35);
•Participation in another interventional trial that interferes with the intervention or outcome of this trial;
•Refusal or inability of the patient and/or legal guardian to provide informed consent;
•Coagulopathy;
•Infection around the puncture point;
•History of allergies to any of the study drugs.