Diarrhea in children According to the World Health Organization, diarrhea is defined by the release of at least three loose or watery stools per day or with an abnormal frequency for a single individual. It is generally a symptom of gastrointestinal infection who might be of bacterial or viral, parasite origin. Acute diarrhea is a frequent pathology, with an infectious origin in most of the cases, especially viruses and bacteria in industrialized countries. It leads to a risk of acute dehydration, in particular in high-risk populations as newborns, infants and toddlers.
Acute diarrhea is still the second leading cause of infection-associated death of children under five worldwide and in 2011 it was estimated to account for almost 10 % of the 7 million deaths in that population. In European countries, most cases show only mild or moderate symptoms and fatal outcomes are very uncommon. However gastroenteritis is still one of the main reasons for hospitalization of children in this region. In Europe, the incidence or diarrhea ranges from 0.5 to 2 episodes per year in children under 3 years old. Dehydration secondary to an acute diarrhea is still one of the main cause of death in young children that could be prevented in industrialized countries. Acute diarrhea is mostly associated with acute gastroenteritis, which is one of the main reason for hospitalization of children under 3 but it is also associated with antibiotics therapy (Antibiotics Associated Diarrhea or AAD) or hospital-acquired infections.
Hospital-acquired or nosocomial diarrhea (ND) Infections occurring more than 48 hours after hospital admission are usually considered as nosocomial infections. The incidence of this kind of infections among children in the industrialized countries remains very high, ranging from 5.1% to 11.6% depending on the time of the year and the type of hospital. In children, gastrointestinal infections account for the majority of the hospital-acquired infections and rotavirus is the main pathogenic agent. Those infections can lead to nosocomial diarrhea and therefore have numerous health and economic consequences as they tend to prolong hospital stay and mortality. Moreover nosocomial infections are usually treated with broad spectrum antibiotics without knowing the type of bacteria responsible for the infection or its antibiogram. This results in the selection of resistant microorganisms leading to increased antimicrobial resistance. All these factors combine for an increase of the financial burden of the healthcare system due to nosocomial infections. Nosocomial infections are more prevalent in the pediatric population than in the adult population and predominantly occur in intensive care units (ICU). In settings other than the ICU, the most common pediatric nosocomial infection is gastroenteritis. Rotavirus and norovirus account for the vast majority of the hospital-acquired gastroenteritis. Although, regular precautions such as hand hygiene or isolation of sick patients can prevent the spread of the infections, there is a clear need for new prevention strategies, and among those the use of probiotics is a promising one.
Probiotics and nosocomial diarrhea It is important to consider that no broad consensus exists to recommend the use of probiotics in the prevention of diarrhea, mainly because of the different design of the studies done so far. Therefore, there is a need for more well-designed studies before recommendations can be proposed.
However, three systematic reviews have assessed the efficacy of probiotics supplementation in the prevention of nosocomial diarrhea for a total of eight randomized clinical trials (RCT) involving a grand total of 2 254 children for the age of 1 month to 18 years old.
The characteristics and results of these RCTs are summarized in the following tables:
The analysis of the results of these clinical trials revealed that among all the probiotics strains tested, only Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) was proved to be efficient in reducing the risk for nosocomial rotavirus-associated diarrhea. Differential effects have been observed depending on the intestinal pathogen, thus it would be interesting to analyze the pathogenic agent responsible for the diarrhea observed in the study participants.
Based on the aforementioned meta-analysis, and although it is not a formal recommendation, the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) working group strongly suggests the use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (≥109 CFU/day over the course of the hospital stay) to prevent nosocomial diarrhea in children. It is important to consider that LGG is the only probiotic strain for which available data were deemed sufficient to lead to a recommendation.
Mechanism of action of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Multiple studies have shown that Lactobacilli increase mucin secretion by intestinal epithelial cell lines in vitro, increase tight junction protein expression, thus preventing damaging action from pathogenic bacteria. Probiotics such as lactobacillus spp. can also exert an antimicrobial activity by producing short chain fatty acids. In addition, probiotics can inhibit virus adsorption by competing with viral receptors on intestinal cells and can also have a beneficial effect on parasitic infections.
Moreover, several studies have previously shown that LGG increases mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A and inhibits viral adhesion on intestinal epithelial cell surface, inhibits virion secretion, and reduces viral replication in the mucosa. LGG also enhances immune response targeted against rotavirus by stimulating rotavirus-specific interferon (IFN)-γ-production from T-Cells. In addition, LGG reduces the rotavirus-induced release of reactive oxygen species in vitro and suppresses the rotavirus-induced interleukin (IL)-6 response in a non-transformed porcine intestinal epithelial cell line. Finally LGG has been shown to increase Nitric oxide production in epithelial intestinal cells in vitro, hence increasing antimicrobial activity.
In conclusion, in light of all the available data on the potential beneficial effect of LGG on intestinal infections, dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG to a dose of ≥1.1010 CFU/day and in addition to an oral rehydration solution, in line with the recommendations of the international institutions (American Academy of Pediatrics, ESPGHAN, European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases, GFHGNP, World Gastroenterology Organization) in regards to the nutritional care of acute diarrhea in children seems promising.
The present study is designed to assess the effect of Laboratoires PiLeJe own Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG LA801 formula in reducing the incidence of nosocomial diarrhea in children under 24 months who stayed in an emergency department for whatever medical reason and for over 6 hours.
Product indications and contra-indications BABYBIANE® Imedia is a food for special medical purposes containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus intended for nutritional care of newborns and young children suffering from acute diarrhea.
From a regulatory standpoint, this product is within the following context:
* Regulation (UE) No 609/2013 of the European parliament and of the 12/06/2013 council related to the dietary products destined for newborns and infants, food for special medical purposes and substitutes of the total daily intake for weight control;
* Regulation (EU) 2016/128 supplementing Regulation (EU) No 609/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the specific compositional and information requirements for food for special medical purposes.
Regulation (UE) No 609/2013 does not significantly modify the former definition of a food for special medical purposes (FSMP) defined as being a "dietary product specifically treated and formulated and destined to satisfy dietary needs of patients, including newborns, and that can only be used under medical supervision and destined to be the exclusive or partial diet of the patients whose capabilities of absorption, digestion, assimilation, metabolization or excretion of regular food products or some of their ingredients or metabolites are diminished, limited or altered or whose health status determine other specific dietary demands that cannot be satisfied only by a modification of the regular diet".
FSMPs are ranked into three different categories. BABYBIANE® Imedia falls into the third category: "nutritionally incomplete food product, whose composition is adapted to fulfill the specific needs of newborns and young children with acute diarrhea and which cannot be the only food source."
Indications BABYBIANE® Imedia contains ≥1.1010 Colony Forming Units (CFU) of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG LA801 per pack and is strongly recommended for nutritional care of acute diarrhea (associated with acute gastro enteritis, antibiotics therapy or hospital-acquired) in newborns or young children.
