Background:
Shoulder arthroscopy is one of the most commonly performed ambulatory orthopedic procedures in the United States. However, despite advances in arthroscopic technique, significant postoperative pain remains a major challenge in the perioperative period. Regional anesthesia has played a key part in alleviating postoperative pain, particularly the use of single-shot interscalene nerve blocks. However, single-shot blocks are limited by their relatively short duration of action. The use of continuous peripheral nerve catheters is often limited by institutional resources.
As such, adjuvants can be added to the local anesthetic solution to help prolong the single-shot block. Whereas a long-acting local anesthetic such as Bupivacaine HCl can provide analgesia for 8-12 hours when deposited perineurally, the addition of adjuvants such as 4 mg preservative-free dexamethasone has been shown to prolong blocks for up to 24 hours.
Liposomal Bupivacaine (Exparel®, Pacira Pharmaceuticals, Parsippany, NJ) is a novel formulation of Bupivacaine that was approved for interscalene nerve blocks in April 2018.8 By incorporating Bupivacaine within a multivesicular liposomal suspension (DepoFoam®) that causes a slow release of the drug, it is purported to extend a nerve block's analgesic effect to at least 72 hours.9 10 ml of Liposomal Bupivacaine 1.3% (133 mg) is recommended for interscalene blocks; this solution is also often mixed with Bupivacaine HCl to complement early analgesia.
To our knowledge, no study has evaluated the effect of Liposomal Bupivacaine in the context of postoperative quality of recovery. Given the well-known postoperative pain and functional limitations of shoulder arthroscopy, the postoperative Quality of Recovery (QoR) scale is an appropriate tool to capture these outcomes. This scale assesses patient recovery in multiple domains, including physiological, nociceptive, activities of daily living, cognition and patient satisfaction. To date, the QoR scale has been used in over 100 perioperative studies and has been repeatedly validated in the postoperative setting, including ambulatory orthopedic procedures. As they have been validated over the years, the QoR has been correlated to quality of life and patient satisfaction with pain management after surgery, two key components of a successful ambulatory procedure.
Therefore, we propose a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial aiming to evaluate the effect of Liposomal Bupivacaine in this context. We hypothesize that using Liposomal Bupivacaine will improve the quality of recovery in patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy for rotator cuff repair when compared to using Bupivicaine HCl 0.5% with preservative-free dexamethasone.
Study Objectives:
We seek to determine if Liposomal Bupivacaine 1.3% will improve the quality of recovery, as measured by QoR-15 scores, in patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy for rotator cuff repair when compared to Bupivacaine HCl 0.5% with 4 mg of preservative-free dexamethasone as an additive.
Primary Outcome:
The primary outcome will be defined as the QoR-15 score at 48 hours after surgery.
Secondary Outcomes:
Secondary outcomes will include QoR-15 scores at 24 hours and 1 week after surgery, patient reported pain scores and opioid use at 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery, PACU length of stay, and PACU opioids and antiemetics given.
Methods:
Study Design:
This is a prospective, randomized, controlled blinded clinical trial with a parallel design and an allocation ratio of 1:1 for the treatment groups.
Recruitment:
Patients will be identified from the surgical schedule the day before surgery and will be contacted by one of the study investigators to scan for eligibility for enrollment.
Patients will be consented the morning of their surgery by one of the study investigators or the research coordinator. Study aims and procedures will be explained to patients and all questions will be answered. There is no formal recruitment script, but the informed consent form will be carefully reviewed with the patient to ensure adequate comprehension.
Randomization:
A computer-generated randomization table will be used for patient allocation to one of the two study groups; either the Liposomal Bupivacaine group or the Bupivacaine HCl with dexamethasone group. Randomization will be done in blocks of 10 patients each.
Study procedures:
After obtaining informed consent, patients will receive a single injection interscalene nerve block prior to surgery. Patients will be randomized to one of two groups: the Liposomal Bupivacaine or Bupivacaine with dexamethasone groups. The Liposomal Bupivacaine group will receive a 20 ml mixture of 10 ml of Liposomal Bupivacaine 1.3% and 10 ml of Bupivacaine HCl 0.5%. The Bupivacaine with dexamethasone group will receive 20 ml of Bupivacaine HCl 0.2% with 4 mg of preservative-free dexamethasone. The research assistant collecting the data as well the patient will be blinded to the nature of the group assignments.
Prior to the nerve block, a block time out will be performed according to standard operating procedures with the attending anesthesiologist present. Patients will be monitored during block performance with standard ASA monitors. All patients will receive 2 L of continuous oxygen via nasal cannula. 1-2 mg midazolam will be titrated to sedative effect. All blocks will be done under ultrasound guidance using Sonosite S (Bothell, WA) machines with a high frequency linear probe (6-13 MHz). The block will be performed with strict adherence to sterile technique. After an optimal interscalene "stop-sign" view is obtained, a 21-guage needle will be inserted in-plane and the local anesthetic will be deposited with a focus on the C5 nerve root.
Patients will then undergo general endotracheal anesthesia with inhaled anesthetic (Sevoflurane) for a goal MAC 1.0. Other than the aforementioned interscalene nerve block, patients will not receive any other local anesthetic. Patients will receive a multimodal analgesic and antiemetic regimen standardized for these surgeries at this institution.
Preoperatively, all patients will receive 300 mg of gabapentin and 1,000 mg of acetaminophen orally. Intraoperatively, patients will receive 4 mg of ondansetron and 15 mg of ketorolac intravenously. Postoperatively, patients will remain on an oral regimen of 300 mg of gabapentin three times daily for one week, and 1,000 mg of acetaminophen and 10 mg of ketorolac every 8 hours for 48 hours after surgery. Additional intraoperative or postoperative opioid analgesics will be administered as needed. Patients with a history of PONV or otherwise deemed high risk for PONV by the attending anesthesiologist will receive a scopolamine patch before induction of general anesthesia.
Data Collection:
Basic demographic data (age, gender, ethnicity) and associated diagnoses such as depression and anxiety will be collected preoperatively. A QoR-15 will be assessed at 24 and 48 hours and 1 week after surgery. Patients will also be sent home with a pain diary to determine pain scores and the amount of pain pills taken for 72 hours after surgery. Other data to be collected will include PACU length of stay and any PACU medications (particularly opioids and rescue antiemetics) given. Opioids will be converted to morphine equivalent doses. The research assistant collecting data will be blinded to the nature of the group assignments.
Study Duration:
We plan to begin enrollment pending IRB approval. The length of participation for each patient will be 1-week in total after surgery.
Statistical Analysis:
Statistical analyses will be performed using STATA 15 statistical software (College Station, TX). Demographic or other categorical data will be analyzed using student's T test or Fisher's exact test as appropriate. Repeated measurements (QoR-15 scores, pain scores) will be analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA or ANOVA on ranks, with further paired comparisons at each time interval performed using the t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test as appropriate. Normally distributed data will be presented as means ± SE of the mean (SEM), non-normally distributed data will be presented as medians ± quartiles (interquartile range) and categorical data will be presented as raw data and as frequencies. The alpha level for all analyses will be set as P\<0.05.
Sample size:
Average QOR-15 scores at time point of 24hrs is 112 ± 19 Myles 2016 . A clinically meaningful differences in the QOR-15 scale is 8.0.Myles 2016 Our sample size calculation to detect a 8-point difference in the QOR-15 scale (p\<0.05) is 71 patients in each group (alpha=0.05, power=80%). We will inflate our sample size by 10% to account for any missing data or any withdrawal from the study; therefore, our estimated sample size will be 78 patients per group for a total number of patients of 156. Statistical analyses will be performed using STATA 13 statistical software (Dallas, TX).
