Chemotherapy is a common treatment modality among colorectal cancer patients. Despite improvements in survival among those receiving chemotherapy, patients often experience side effects including pain, nausea, vomiting, changes in appetite and weight, fatigue, depressed mood, and reduced quality of life. Colorectal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy also experience acute elevation in psychological distress (e.g., anxiety, stress). Worldwide, as many as 40% of cancer patients currently report using complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for the management of their diagnosis and treatment-related side effects. Evidence to support the efficacy of various CAM approaches is still in its infancy, and further research is warranted.
Mindfulness-based strategies, a popular CAM approach among cancer patients, may have unique benefits for addressing both treatment-related side effects as well as the management of acute levels of psychological distress experienced while undergoing chemotherapy. Preliminary evidence supports the benefits of meditation, relaxing sounds, and progressive muscle relaxation for the reduction of distress and state anxiety as well as the improvement of neuroendocrine responses, indicative of improved stress response, among cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Additionally, meditation has been shown to improve distress, cognitive function, mental health, quality of life, and chemotherapy-related neurotoxicity symptoms among cancer patients that had undergone chemotherapy treatment. Despite preliminary evidence to support mindfulness-based strategies to help cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, further research is needed to determine their efficacy.
Smartphone applications (apps) are a unique mode of delivering mindfulness-based strategies to cancer patients and may help make CAM more accessible to cancer patients reporting barriers to participation in in-person interventions (e.g., pain, fatigue, transportation, scheduling difficulties, etc.). Additionally, smartphone apps are a way of providing mindfulness-based strategies to patients while undergoing chemotherapy without the need of specialized personnel to lead mindfulness-based sessions for patients in the clinic. Smartphone accessibility is becoming more ubiquitous, with nearly three quarters of cancer patients reporting access to a mobile smartphone. To our knowledge there have been no studies that have tested the effects of meditation delivered specifically via a smartphone app to cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy (one study used an iPad). The investigators have previously demonstrated the feasibility and preliminary effects of delivering four weeks of smartphone-based meditation (via the Calm app) to hematological cancer patients to improve symptom burden. However, these patients were not undergoing chemotherapy. A meditation app such as Calm could be used to deliver mindfulness-based strategies to cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy while in clinic and outside of clinic for the management of acute psychological distress and chemotherapy-related side effects.
The Calm app has over 2 million paying users and 65 million downloads, and was named Apple's "App of the Year" in 2017.9,10 The Calm app was developed based on tenets of mindfulness and cognitive behavioral therapy, and provides its users with a range of mindfulness-based options to choose from, including meditations, Sleep Stories, and Soundscapes. In the proposed study, the investigators will investigate the use of Calm among a small sample of colorectal cancer patients (N=30; n=15 per group) who are beginning adjuvant chemotherapy within 12-weeks post-surgery as compared to a usual care control group to determine its effects on acute psychological distress within a single chemotherapy session as well as chemotherapy-related side effects.
STUDY OBJECTIVES
Objective 1: Investigate the effects of using a meditation app to reduce psychological distress (measured using the Distress Thermometer), across multiple chemotherapy sessions (n=15) among colorectal cancer patients as compared to usual control (n=15).
The primary hypothesis for this objective is that those using a meditation app will experience a reduction in psychological distress from beginning to end of each chemotherapy session as compared to usual care.
Objective 2: Investigate the effects of using a meditation app on chemotherapy toxicity and tolerability (measured using patient medical records; dose reduction/modification, dose delays, # of cycles completed, hospitalization, cytopenias, etc.), fatigue (measured using the Brief Fatigue Inventory), and quality of life (measured using the General Version of the Functional Assessment of Cancer and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire) among colorectal cancer patients during a chemotherapy treatment cycle (i.e., two-three week cycle between the sessions) as compared to a usual care control group.
The primary hypothesis for this objective is that those using the meditation app will experience less severe chemotherapy toxicity, greater chemotherapy tolerability, less fatigue, and greater quality of life as compared to the usual care control group.
