Impact of Probiotics on Drug, Vitamin, and Hormone Metabolism

The investigators hypothesize that probiotic treatment (Visbiome) will alter the activities of major classes of drug metabolizing enzymes. Twelve healthy male subjects will participate in a pharmacokinetic study prior to and following supplementation with Visbiome probiotics for 28 days. The investigators will determine the pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous midazolam \[metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A enzymes, uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and sulfotransferase (SULTs)\] and acetaminophen (metabolized by UGTs and SULTs), and the circulating concentrations of endogenous compounds (i.e., testosterone and vitamin D metabolites) prior to and following supplementation with Visbiome probiotics for 28 days. In addition, the investigators will compare the fecal microbiota composition and plasma lipidomic and metabolomics profiles to assess the impact of Visbiome supplementation.