The Effect of Respiratory Challenge on the BOLD Signal

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. Subjects refusing to undergo testing
• •2. Subjects with obstructive or resistive lung disease whose PaCO2 at rest is greater than 50mmHg or whose venous serum bicarbonate is greater than 26 mEq/L
• •3. Subjects with pre-existing respiratory or metabolic acidosis
• •4. Subjects who require portable oxygen at rest or with exercise
• •5. Subjects with chronic heart failure or severe pulmonary disease who are unable to climb one flight of stairs due to shortness of breath
• •6. Subjects with severe heart failure or restrictive lung disease with resting respiratory rate over 15 breaths/min 2. Patients that cannot participate in a course of rehabilitation therapy.
• •7. Subjects that cannot undergo an MRI scan due to one of the following indications:
• •* Pregnancy
• •* Obtundation, or Coma
• •* Confusion, Delirium, or Dementia
• •* Unable to understand or carry out commands regarding keeping still and breathing pattern
• •* Increased intracranial pressure due to space occupying lesion or obstruction of outflow of CSF
• •* Claustrophobia
• •* History of kidney problems
• •* Pace makers
• •* Skin tattoos
• •* Neurostimulators (TENS-unit)
• •* Implanted drug infusion device (i.e., insulin pump)
• •* Exposure of metal fragments to your eye
• •* Artificial heart valves
• •* Aneurysm clips
• •* Cochlear implants
• •* Metallic implants and prosthesis
• •* Vascular stent or stent graft
• •* History as a metal worker
• •* Shrapnel or bullet wounds
• •* Dorsal column stimulators