RV Systolic and Diastolic Function and Contractile Reserve Under Acute Exercise and in Response to Chronic Exercise-based Rehabilitation

The ability of the RV to increase Ees under exercise is barely understood, and it is not known whether this is accompanied by changes in Eed. Exercise-based rehabilitation programs in PAH patients showed a marked increase in 6 Minute Walk distance and CI; the improvement was, partially higher than the improvement upon targeted PAH medication Several mechanisms may underlie such improvement, in particular a decrease in PVR, improved peripheral muscular function and improved systolic and/or diastolic RV function. To assess the latter aspect in a load-independent fashion, the investigators will perform acute exercising and exercise-based rehabilitation in PAH patients with performance of RV PV loop measurements, which has never been undertaken under this aspect in PAH patients. Acute exercising: As "physiological response" to acute exercising, an increase in RV Ees is to be expected. However, based on clinical experience and on the surprising finding of an Ees decrease upon volume challenge in patients with low Ees/Ea values, the investigators hypothesize that orientation and extent of the Ees response to acute exercise will depend on the baseline Ees/Ea: patients with well-maintained Ees/Ea values may reveal an increase of Ees in response to acute exercise, whereas patients with RV-PA uncoupling (baseline Ees/Ea \< 0.8) may show an acute heterometric adaptation with increase in volumes and decrease in Ees (negative ∆ Ees). Moreover, this study may again provide a novel "threshold of uncoupling" (Ees/Ea ratio), at which the RV response to acute exercising switches from increased to decreased contractility. The investigators will use incremental exercise tests (step or ramp protocol; handgrip protocol) with repeated hemodynamic measurements with right heart catheterization (RHC) and PV-loop catheter. The modified single beat method will be used to calculate Ees and Ea as well as Eed under exercise: the intercept on the x-axis will be predefined by Valsalva maneuver and preload reduction, and this point will be the reference for PV-loop-derived ESPVR to calculate Ees as decribed before. The study will include 42 PAH patients, who will subsequently be entered into the rehabilitation program (for power calculation see below). Similar to the volume challenge study, the hypothesis is that extent and orientation of ∆ Ees upon acute exercise are correlated with baseline Ees/Ea. Primary endpoint: ∆ Ees between baseline and maximum exercise. Secondary endpoints: time to recovery of Ees and RV-EDV after acute exercising, changes in PVR, mPAP, CI, Eed, Ea, Stroke Work, EDP, ESV, EDV and SV. Statistics: the primary endpoint will be analyzed by descriptive statistics, graphical representations with scatterplots, quantitative measures of dependence (Pearson's r or Spearman´s rho) and description of conditional distributions will be used. Exercise-based rehabilitation - the RESERVE study: The investigators aim to conduct a single center, interventional, randomized, non-blinded, prospective study to evaluate the impact of exercise training on RV-PA- coupling. Every patient will undergo acute exercise testing during first catheterization as described above. Thereafter, patients will be randomly assigned to a control and a training group for chronic exercise in a rehabilitation program. Medication will remain unchanged during the study period. After 15 weeks, RHC and PV-loop assessment at baseline and in response to acute exercise will be repeated. During the study, patients of the control group will not receive any advice on exercise training. Rehabilitation-exercise training will consist of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) as described before . Retesting (baseline, response to exercise) will be performed after 15 weeks. Different examinations will be performed at the different visits. Primary endpoint will be the change in baseline Ees over the 15 weeks observation period. Secondary endpoints include the Ees response to acute exercising as well as further PV-loop, cMRI, Echo-derived and functional parameters as detailed in Table 2. Statistics: Continuous variables will be compared using repeated-measures ANOVA for differences between values at baseline and after acute and chronic exercise challenge. The comparisons of characteristics at baseline and after exercise between the two groups, as well as the comparisons of the absolute changes of variables from baseline to post-exercise between groups will be analyzed by adequate descriptive statistics.