The present study is a repeated measures design, with sampling of the cohorts on two separate occasions. Upon obtaining informed consent, participants will be assigned into one of two groups:
Group 1: DM1 Exercise Group DM1 diagnosed, physically inactive males, n = 6 DM1 diagnosed, physically inactive females, n = 7
Group 2: Healthy controls (no exercise) Healthy, physically inactive males n = 6 Healthy, physically inactive females n = 7
Introduction - Day 1 (Visit 1); On the initial visit, the potential participant will come to McMaster Children's Hospital to meet with a study coordinator involved in the project. The coordinator will explain the study in detail, answer any questions, and review the consent form. Upon obtaining informed consent, eligible participants will complete a medical screening questionnaire to determine their readiness to perform exercise. Participant characteristics will then be measured. At this time, anthropometric measurements (i.e., height, weight, waist circumference) and a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurement will be performed. This must be done in order to verify that the participant meets the inclusion criteria of being normal weight (BMI 18.5 - 24.9 kg/m2) or overweight (BMI 25 - 29.9 kg/m2). Following this screening, participants will undergo an ECG to measure any conductance blockage and perform a maximal cycling test to determine their aerobic capacity (V02max). Maximal aerobic testing will then be followed by another 12 lead ECG to detect any possible structural cardiac issues in our participants. Thereafter, participants will begin the following the study timeline, all of which will occur at the McMaster Children's Hospital, 2H Neurometabolic Clinic.
Baseline testing - Day 3 (Visit 2); Participants will arrive the following day to undergo functional testing which will include 6-minute walk test, 5x sit to stand, timed up and go, grip strength and maximal voluntary knee extension using the Biodex dynamometer. Participants will then complete the SF-36.
Follow up testing - Day 5 (Visit 3); Participants will arrive following an overnight fast (including no caffeine for 12 hours) and having abstained from any exercise for the prior 24 hours. Participants will undergo a muscle biopsy from the vastus lateralis.
DM1 participants only:
Exercise training - Visit 4 - 39; Participants will begin the exercise protocol consisting of 3 exercise sessions per week for a 12-week period. All exercise sessions will be done on a cycle ergometer (Lode, Groningen, Netherlands). Each exercise session will consist of 3 minutes of warm up, 30 minutes at 65% V02max and will end with 2 minutes of cool down. Exercise progression over the 12 weeks will go as follows:
* Weeks 1 and 2: 3 min warm up, 65% VO2max for 30 min, 2 min cool down
* Weeks 3 and 4: increase to 35 min (+ warm up/cool down)
* Weeks 5 and 6: drop to 30 min and increase to 70% VO2max
* Weeks 7 and 8: increase to 35 min (+ warm up/cool down)
* Weeks 9 and 10: drop to 30 min and increase to 75%VO2 max
* Weeks 11 and 12: increase to 35 min (+ warm up/cool down)
Endpoint testing - Visit 40; At this time, anthropometric re-measurements (i.e., height, weight, waist circumference) and a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurement will be performed. Thereafter, participants will undergo an ECG to measure any conductance blockage and perform a maximal cycling test to determine their aerobic capacity (V02peak). Maximal aerobic testing will then be followed by another 12 lead ECG to detect any possible structural cardiac issues in our participants.
Endpoint testing - Visit 41; Participants will arrive the following day to undergo functional testing which will include 6-minute walk test, timed up and go, grip strength and maximal voluntary knee extension using the Biodex dynamometer. Participants will then complete the SF-36.
Endpoint testing - Visit 42; Participants will arrive following an overnight fast (including no caffeine for 12 hours) and having abstained from any exercise for the prior 24 hours. Participants will undergo a muscle biopsy from the vastus lateralis.
