Deep Brain Stimulation Post Failed Vagal Nerve Stimulation

For children with epilepsy that have failed pharmacological and alternative treatments (drug-resistant epilepsy; \[DRE\]), surgical interventions may be considered. This includes vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS). VNS for the treatment of DRE in children is an established and widely used treatment. Unfortunately, the positive response to VNS rate (\>50% reduction in seizures) is not consistent, ranging from 26-55% in pediatric epilepsy patients. In children with failed VNS, defined as no improvement in seizure control after at least 1 year of treatment, they may undergo DBS as a recommended therapy. DBS is a safe and established treatment for various childhood neurological conditions and the indications for DBS in children continue to expand. It is currently unknown which children may benefit from DBS after failed VNS. As a patient-preference randomized trial, patients and their parents will be introduced to the options of continuing with current VNS management (control arm) or trialing DBS (treatment arm). Patients and their parents will fall into three possible groups according to preference and willingness for randomization. i) Patients with no strong preferences and consent to randomization ii) Patients with a preference, yet still consent to randomization iii) Patients who refuse randomization and opt for enrollment in a specific arm Patients in the treatment arm will receive DBS of the centromedian nucleus. The centromedian nucleus is believed to reduce electrocortical activity in generalized epilepsy. The investigators hypothesize that stimulating this target will lead to a decrease in seizure severity and frequency in patients who have failed VNS; in comparison with patients who will have continued VNS treatment and optimization. Patients in the control arm will continue to be observed for 12 months with no change to their treatment.