Context
The capacity of military and veteran families to develop and maintain positive mental health and well-being is challenged by contemporary operational imperatives. Since 1990, the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) has engaged in more than 20 major international operations, involving multiple rotations of members serving in complex missions including Rwanda, Bosnia, Afghanistan, and, more recently, Mali. The intensified operational tempo is associated with an increase in the prevalence of operational stress injuries (OSIs). OSIs are persistent psychological difficulties resulting from operational duties performed while serving in the CAF. OSIs span a spectrum, including diagnosed psychiatric conditions such as anxiety disorders, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as other conditions that may be less severe, but still interfere with daily functioning. In a recent iteration of the Life After Service Study (LASS), a national survey of CAF veterans receiving services from Veterans Affairs Canada (VAC), 23% reported a diagnosis of one or more mental disorders, 5.8% reported suicidal ideation, and 1.1% reported a suicide attempt in the previous year. Specialized OSI clinics are now in place to support treatment-seeking veterans who qualify for care through VAC. An increase in mental health diagnoses requiring clinical management in these clinics has been documented.
The effects of OSIs in members and veterans ripple through their families. Results of a recent study focusing on the impacts of OSIs on the mental health and well-being of families of CAF veterans suggest that the imperative to care for the veteran becomes the central, organizing facet of family experience. In response, family structure, including family role redefinition and reallocation, shifts. Spouses assume full responsibility for family functioning and adapt routines, as required, while providing care to the veteran. Some spouses describe themselves as caregivers to the veteran, performing daily work that involves mediating and buffering the internal and external stresses affecting him/her. Consequently, spouses report burn out and specific health conditions attributed to the stress emerge. These health outcomes develop in an environment characterized by loss of identity and social and geographic isolation for some. Emotional stress, relationship tensions, and financial concerns resulting from changes in employment impact the whole family. Throughout, family members must reconcile the loss of the veteran as he/she once was. In some cases, children share these burdens, enacting role behavior incompatible with their developmental stage. Children may also experience emotional and behavioural problems.
Some veteran families cope with these challenges successfully, developing resilience through practical task management, problem-solving, and social support. Family resilience results from the interplay of individual assets and the social contexts in which they develop. Maintaining shared family beliefs, facilitating family organization, and communicating are processes that facilitate resilience through stress and adversity. Maintaining shared beliefs helps family members make sense of stress and adversity. Shared beliefs can be introduced or reintroduced to the family system through religious, spiritual practice, artistic expression, or through connection with family rituals or the natural environment. Furthermore, some research suggests that agency and self-determination are mobilized through shared belief systems and are instrumental in efforts to reinterpret adversity as a challenge that can be mastered.
Family organization enables families to manage the impacts of OSIs on both the veteran and the family system. Clear and consistent organizational patterns reassure family members, particularly vulnerable family members such as children, that, notwithstanding the adversity and stress, the structure of the family is continuous, dependable, and strong.
Communication processes are also important in resilient families. Clear and unambiguous messages, empathetically and openly shared, encourage inclusion, collaborative problem-solving, and conflict resolution.
For families experiencing adversity, such as the stresses associated with supporting a veteran living with an OSI, resilience processes enable families to recover or "bounce back" by developing "resistance to psychosocial risk experiences" or to reconfigure by "bouncing forward" as new capacities are developed. Resilience is not innate or merely a function of individual personality traits. Rather, it can be learned and developed.
Brief, systems-focused psychoeducational programs have the potential to support the development of veteran family resilience. These programs enhance individual and relational capacities that reduce psychological and relational distress. The tools required to navigate interconnected systems (informal and formal social networks) can also be acquired. Early identification of issues and enhancement of help-seeking behaviours are the focus of psychoeducational programs. They are a complement to therapy, not a replacement. Indeed, brief, systems-focused programs attract and retain families in need who are unlikely to seek out therapeutic intervention and have a significant role to play in addressing their complex needs.
To date, evidence-based, psychoeducational programs for veterans with OSIs and their families are few in number, particularly in Canada. Some research is ongoing in the United States. For example, the efficacy of psychoeducation for veterans with OSIs and their families was measured in an American study involving 100 veterans with PTSD and 96 family members participating in a longitudinal evaluation of a program entitled REACH (Reaching out to Educate and Assist Caring, Healthy Families). Results indicate that participation in REACH positively impacts both veterans with PTSD and their family members. Participants showed improvements in knowledge about PTSD, family adaptation strategies, family communication, and empowerment. Relationship satisfaction, perceived social support, and a decrease in PTSD symptoms were also reported.
The purpose of this pilot study is to contribute to the development of evidence-based, systems-focused virtual psychoeducational programming for CAF veterans with OSIs and their families. This initiative will draw upon partnerships and expertise at an OSI Clinic in Atlantic Canada.
Theoretical Framework
This pilot program will be developed as a brief, systems-focused virtually-delivered psychoeducational program. Therefore, the ecological family systems theory will serve as a foundation for the development of the content of the pilot program and its evaluation. Grounded in a bioecological model of human development, the original ecological family systems model and its subsequent iterations bring into view a system of four interconnected environments (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem), each representing the interdependent contexts embodied in the lives of individuals and families. These environments and their roles in developing and maintaining resilience will constitute program components. For example, loss of identity, shared beliefs, role redefinition/reallocation (microsystem), changes in routines, caregiving imperatives, family organization strategies (mesosystem), military and veteran family policies (exosystem), and military culture (macrosystem) and the processes integral to navigating these interconnected systems will be explored. The non-normative changes in roles and environments, or the ecological transitions, particular to the military context that challenge resilience for the families of veterans with OSIs will also be considered.
Methodology
CCAF veterans diagnosed with an OSI at least one year prior to the start of the study and receiving care through the OSI Clinic in Dartmouth, N.S. and their family members will be recruited to participate in the pilot program and its evaluation. Two six-week virtual sessions will be implemented at the clinic - the first in January/February of 2021 and the second in the spring of 2021. A maximum of 10-15 participants (including both veterans and their family members) will be recruited for each group. Family members are defined as spouses/partners, siblings, parents, and adult children. Prior to the start of the program, participants will be qualitatively interviewed by a member of the research team. Participants will take part in interviews guided by questions informed by the ecological family systems theory. Program participants will be interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide; see interview guide included in attached appendices. Interviews will be taped and transcribed verbatim. Field notes identifying observations, thoughts, and additional information contributing to the formative analysis of the data will be maintained.
Each of the weekly sessions will take place over a virtual care platform (Zoom for Healthcare) and will be led by at least two trained facilitators (one from the research team, and one member of the OSI clinical staff team). Each of these sessions will focus on providing education of different topics relevant to those accessing services at the clinic (e.g., types of treatments available, tools to support families, self care). See attached appendix for draft outline of group sessions. The facilitators will also be there to support the participants with any questions they may have. The OSI clinical team member facilitating these groups will also be able to meet individually with the client outside of the group as needed to provide additional support.
At the end of each six-week session, program outcomes will be assessed qualitatively by a member of the research team utilizing the same interview guide as mentioned above. Six weeks after the end of the session, participants will be interviewed again as a final follow-up.
