Influence of Exercise on the Gut Microbiome of Overweight and Obese Adults With Prediabetes

In the U.S, 91.8 million adults have PreD. Preventing progression of PreD to type 2 diabetes (T2D) is vital. Odds of cardiovascular disease are higher among those with T2D, with $327 billion/year spent treating T2D. Major scientific organizations have thus called for studies of novel intermediates connecting health behaviors to pre-clinical cardiometabolic disease (CMD; e.g., PreD) to lower future clinical disease risk. Physical activity (PA) is key modifiable determinant of good health. PA recommendation adherence is associated with a 25-35% dose-dependent reduction in all-cause mortality, with as little as 75 min/week of regular moderate-intensity PA beneficial. In fact, an intervention within the Diabetes Prevention Program emphasizing PA participation at recommended levels was as successful as Metformin in preventing incident T2D-likely partially due to a 5kg-reduction in body weight during this trial. Yet, PA's impact on disease risk reduction is not explained entirely by CMD risk factors or weight loss, with mechanistic pathways still unclear and crucial to examine. The gut microbiota and microbiome have been posited as mechanistic intermediates linking PA to attenuated CMD development. However, there is no known research which has examined exercise-related changes in the human gut microbiome or SCFA-producing taxa in a population with a pre-clinical CMD such as PreD and how these changes mediate changes in CMD indices and body weight. The proposed project is therefore innovative for a least two reasons. First, as stated, the investigators know of no study in individuals with PreD which examined how a moderate-intensity walking program may modify the gut microbiome and SCFA-producing taxa. Second, the investigators will use formal mediation analyses to examine the degree to which exercise-related changes in the gut microbiome and SCFA-producing taxa explain changes observed in CMD indices and body weight. These exploratory analyses will allow for a deeper interpretation of the physiological mechanisms by which exercise may improve health and inform future trial construction. Indeed, this study will provide critical preliminary evidence for a larger NIH R01-funded trial submitted to the NIDDK, NHLBI, or NCI, with the NIH committed to funding innovative scientific proposals involving the microbiome. The investigators will use this trial's observations to determine: 1) which taxa within the gut microbiome are most impacted by moderate-intensity walking; 2) the intra- and inter-person variability of gut microbiota changes due to moderate-intensity walking; and 3) whether the fixed frequency, intensity, and duration of the walking implemented results in meaningful changes. Observations in relation to these points will inform the design and implementation of future interventions to reduce pre-clinical disease states like PreD in a mechanistically-informed manner.