This prospective randomized controlled study will be carried out on 70 female patients who will be presented for radical mastectomy in the general surgery department in Tanta university hospitals over three month duration and 6 months follow up that starts immediately after obtaining ethical committee approval, an informed written consent will be obtained from all the participants, all patients data will be confidential and will be used for the current study only.
-Inclusion criteria: Female patients aged 50-70 years, ASA class I-III, and presented for elective radical mastectomy.
\- Exclusion criteria: Patients refused to participate. Patients with known or suspected or known allergy to the used medication. Patients with preoperative chronic pain, Patients received preoperative opioids or gabapentoids. Patients with major cardiac, renal, respiratory, or hepatic disease. Uncooperative patients. Obese patients with BMI \>36
Anesthetic technique Once the patients will arrive to the operating room, intravascular access will be established, fluid preload will be started, and basic monitor will be attached. An assistant anesthetist will help in preparation of a 50 ml syringe connected to a syringe pump that will contain normal saline or a mixture of 100 ug dexmedetomidine and 50 mg ketamine.
Anesthesia will be induced by fentanyl 1 ug/kg, propofol 1.5 mg/kg, and cis-atracurium 0.15 mg/kg to facilitate tracheal intubation. After endotracheal intubation, the patients will be connected to a mechanical ventilator with its parameters adjusted to maintain etCo2 32-36 mmHg. Anesthesia will be maintained by isoflurane 1% MAC in mixture of oxygen:air 1:1 with the use of low flow (1 ml/min). The patients will be randomly allocated into two equal groups by the aid of computer-generated software of randomization: -
• Control group (35 patients): The patients in this group will be connected to the syringe pump that contain normal saline with starting infusion at a rate of 0.1 ml/kg/hr till the end of the surgery.
• Dexmedetomidine-Ketamine group (35 patients): The patients in this group will be connected to the syringe pump that contain mixture of dexmedetomidine and ketamine with starting infusion at a rate of 0.1 ml/kg/hr till the end of the surgery. The solution will contain 2 ug dexmedetomidine/ml and 1 mg ketamine/ml.
All the patients will be connected to a bispectral index monitor with maintaining its value ranging 40-60. Increase in the BIS value over 60 will be managed by additional dose of fentanyl 0.5 ug/kg till decrease the BIS below 60. If the BIS is still over 60, increasing the isoflurane 0.2 % MAC till it decreased below 60.
At the end of the surgery, switching off the inhalational anesthetics, reversal of muscle relaxation, and awake tracheal extubation will be done with transporting the patients to the PACU for postoperative follow up and monitoring.
\- Measurements:
1. Patient age, weight, height.
2. Morphine consumption in the first 24 h postoperatively.
3. The total dose consumption of fentanyl consumed intraoperatively.
4. The total volume consumed of isoflurane intraoperatively (ml/hr).
5. The postoperative Visual Analogue Score (VAS): It will be measured every 2 hours till 8 h, then every 4 h till 24 h. In case of increase the VAS more than 3, a rescue analgesia will be administrated in the form of 3 mg morphine i.v that may be repeated.
6. The time for the first request of morphine rescue analgesia
7. The incidence of chronic pain (Follow up of the patients will be carried out in the pain clinic after discharge from hospital every 2 weeks for a period of 6 months for assessment of the incidence of postoperative chronic pain.
8. The recovery profile
9. The incidence of complications
