Targeted Breast Milk Fortification for Very Low Birth Weight Infants in the NICU

Human milk has a variety of benefits for neonates, especially premature neonates, including a decreased risk of for necrotizing enterocolitis, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis, respiratory infections, and many other childhood conditions. There is variability in macronutrient and caloric content of breast milk between mothers, making it difficult to accurately quantify the nutritional content the breast milk is providing. The protein content varies by postnatal age, and the fat content varies temporally during a feed. Currently calculations use a standard value for caloric density and macronutrient content of breast milk, which is a reported average, but not necessarily specific to each individual mother. Human milk analysis has been used to address this variability. The Miris Human Milk Analyzer (HMA) is a mid-infrared analyzer and has been evaluated in many studies. It measures the macronutrient content of breast milk, providing values for protein, fat, carbohydrates, and calculated calories. By having this information available, the fortification added to breast milk can be tailored specifically to each mother's breast milk composition to meet each neonate's nutritional needs, and optimize growth.This will be a prospective randomized control study of preterm infants less than 1500 grams \[very low birth weight (VLBW)\] receiving human milk (maternal or donor) will be included. The control group will receive adjustment of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) per NICU guidelines as enteral feedings are advanced followed by standard fortification of human milk. The intervention group will have TPN (protein and lipids) adjusted based on analysis of human milk as feedings are advanced to provide goal 4g/kg/day of protein and 100-130 kcal/kg/day followed by targeted fortification of breast milk based on human milk analysis to continue to provide 4 g/kg/day of protein and 100-130 kcal/kg/day for once full feeds are achieved. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the growth, anthropometric measurements, and body composition, to see if targeted fortification improves neonatal growth. By optimizing neonatal growth and nutrition there is potential to also have an impact on other morbidities and long term neurodevelopmental outcomes.