Background The geriatric patient is often presented with a complex pathological picture, where gait- and balance disturbances are independent risk factors for fall accidents, which are common causes for admittance to hospital. One third of the medical patients discharged after an acute hospitalization experience a decrease in functional capacity following one year after. Impaired gait function also greatly influences the older persons' management of their everyday life e.g. transportation, shopping, meals, and domestic tasks. It may induce fear of falling and can lead to isolation and loneliness.
A hip fracture may have fatal consequences. Half of those who are affected of a hip fracture suffer from disabilities, and 15-25% dies within the first year after the trauma.
A program combining exercises of muscle strength, body balance and endurance can break a vicious spiral. Therefore, it seems appropriate to identify those patients who need physical exercises during their hospital stay and immediately after discharge to avoid further functional decline.
Exercise at home and improvement in the ability to undertake daily tasks are highly valued by community-dwelling people 60 years and older. Communication between the older person and the physiotherapist has positive effects on adherence to an exercise program and its outcome.
New Telerehabilitation Technologies make it possible for the physiotherapist to supervise and communicate with exercising participants by video conferencing equipment.
The Otago Exercises Program (OEP) is a home-based strength- and balance program and has proven to reduce falls and injuries caused by fall by 35% in community dwelling older women.
Until now, no studies have examined if OEP supervised through video "face to face" conferencing may maintain or even improve physical functional capacity in older acutely ill patients just discharged to their home. No studies have investigated whether it is possible to carry out Telerehabilitation in groups of geriatric patients aged 65 years or older.
Objective To compare the effect on physical functional capacity by two types of exercises: 1) physiotherapist-supervised Telerehabilitation as home exercise in groups, 2) traditional exercise programs offered in a community center for older people. The target population is 65+ years old home-dwelling medical- and hip fracture patients just discharged after an acute hospitalization.
Hypothesis
Early Telerehabilitation performed in groups based on the Otago exercise program is compared with traditional exercise programs offered in the community centers in geriatric patients after hospital discharge from acute care and supervised by a physiotherapist:
1. Maintain or improve the patient's physical functional abilities within 4 and 8 weeks and 6 months after discharge
2. Prevent loneliness and fear of falling, and maintain or improve the Quality of Life within 4 and 8 weeks and 6 months after discharge Material and methods Design The study is a randomized, controlled parallel-group (two groups), investigator-blinded study.
Population and setting The population is residents living in their own home in the Municipality of Aarhus aged 65 years or older and acutely admitted to Aarhus University Hospital (AUH) in the Emergency Department (ED), and the Departments of Geriatric. The study will be conducted in the community centers for older people, and in the participants' own home.
Participants' recruitment procedure Recruitment will be performed by the project manager in the hospital. All recruitments will be made on weekdays. Eligible patients discharged directly from the ED on weekends or on public holidays will be included on the first weekday after.
Randomization Participants who agree to participate will be randomized to either the Telerehabilitation Group- or the Control Group by a computer-based block randomization via REDCap. It is estimated that it will take about three to four weeks to include three participants in the Intervention Group. It means that the last patient will be included four weeks later than the first included patient. To give the optimal conditions for the home exercise in groups we have in cooperation with the REDCap data manager chosen to modify the randomization from a two block randomization to a three block randomization where two of the blocks allocate participants to the Telerehabilitation Group. Additionally the randomization will stratify the participants according to social status.
Data collection Data will be collected by a skilled test therapist investigator. A gap of plus-minus two days in the re-test follow-up period is accepted.
Sample size calculation To calculate the sample size we use an unpublished study from Hvidovre Hospital (The Capital Region of Denmark). It is older patients who were admitted to the ED that achieved an average score improvement of 1.8 points (SD: 12.8) in the De Morton Mobility Index (DEMMI) after an exercise intervention from admission to four weeks after discharge. DEMMI is a functional test measuring mobility. The Hvidovre study shows that it is necessary to include 27 participants in each group to achieve statistical significance. Likewise, we expect that the participants in our study belong to the same target group as those in the study from Hvidovre, and that their calculation of the sample size also can be applied in our study. It results in a total of 54 participants divided into two identical groups. The study 'Early geriatric follow-up' finds that 16% of community dwelling elderly died within the first 8 weeks after discharge, thus we added another 9 participants i.e. total of 63 participants. Almost 11% will be transferred to a rehabilitation center after discharge (unpublished ref), requiring a total of 70 participants. In an exercise study 22.6 % did not complete their training program, thus it is necessary to include 16 extra participants resulting in a final number of 86 participants i.e. 43 participants in each groups.
Study groups Participants in the Telerehabilitation Group receive supervised Telerehabilitation by an experienced physiotherapist two days a week during four weeks with at least one day of rest between each exercise session (in total: eight Telerehabilitation sessions). Initially the physiotherapist visits the patient at home, and the patient will be informed by a written pamphlet and orally about the exercise program, the benefits of exercise and the expected effect of the program. The patient will be instructed in the use of computer and receives a written guide. New clinical guidelines recommend that geriatric patients should exercise for at least 8 weeks if clinical benefits are to be expected. Therefore, after four weeks the participants will on their own continue OEP for another 4 weeks.
The Telerehabilitation Group will start their exercise within the first week after discharge. When there are a total of two to three participants in the Telerehabilitation Group we will stop including more members in order to achieve the expected benefits of group exercising.
The following four weeks the participants will exercise without supervision by a physiotherapist. The training sessions will continue in their group on appointed times and it will still be possible to communicate with the other participants via computer. Here OEP is displayed on the computer by small video sessions.
The Control Group will receive the usual exercise programs offered in the community center for older people. The exercise program can vary dependent on the offer in the individual community center. Often the training consists of exercises carried out in a range of different training equipment such as exercise bikes, steppers, rowing machines etc. often supervised by a physiotherapist. At some community centers the training will be performed in groups on appointed times. Participants in the Control Group will be tested by the same instruments at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks and at 6 months of follow-up.
Training intervention OEP consist of a walking plan, balance exercises, and a set of leg muscle strengthening exercises all progressing in degree of difficulty.
The IT platform used in this study make it possible for up to eight persons to see and communicate with each other. We decided because of the heterogeneity among the participants and hereby their different levels of functional capacity to limit the number of participants to three persons joining the intervention group.
In case of cancellation of exercise Participants in both groups who cannot attend the exercise program due to illness, hospitalization or vacation, will remain in their exercise group and finish training on the initially planned date.
Standardization of intervention Before starting the project period, the test investigator will undergo training in performing the tests used in the project to ensure consistency between the testers. The training will be based on the test's appurtenant manuals.
Adherence To achieve the expected effects of the interventions it is crucial that the participants are adherent to the interventions. Therefore the training physiotherapist will register how many times the participants have participated in the training sessions.
In the Control Group, the training physiotherapist in the municipality will be asked to notice how many times participants have received training in the same period. Reasons for non-participation will be noticed in both groups.
Statistical analysis The statistical analysis will be conducted by using STATA (version 15, STATA Corporation, Texas). Baseline data in the Intervention- and Control Group will be compared and presented as means with standard deviations, medians with interquartile ranges or frequencies with percentages depending on data characteristics.
The four time-point FRS mean score will be compared in the two groups in a univariate repeated measurements ANOVA. We assume that the mean-differences are normally distributed, the standard deviations between all time-points are equal, and the differences between all time-point are correlated. We are testing the hypothesis of parallel mean curves with the within and between subject variation between the groups.
Likewise, the four time-points in the DEMMI, and handgrip strength, FES-I, EQ-5 D, GDS and UCLA scores will be tested. A multiple linear regression model is used to analyze if the change in mobility is associated with the change in FES-I, UCLA and EQ-5D in all patients. The model is adjusted for potentially mediating variables: gender, age, social status, comorbidity, educational attainment, and alcohol.
Publication process The results of the study will be presented at relevant internationally conferences. The project manager is employed by Department of Geriatrics as a PhD student in the period of data collection and analysis of data. Department of Geriatrics, Aarhus University Hospital is warrantor of the project.
Ethics The study is approved by the Research Ethics Committee of The Central Denmark Region (1-10-72-394-17) and by the Danish Data Protection Agency (1-16-02-201-17). Participants will be informed that participation is voluntary, they can withdraw at any time without losing their right to treatment. Participants who agree to participate will be requested informed consent. Once written informed consent is obtained from the participants during hospitalization at the ED they will be included in the study. There will be given written and verbal information about the study to ensure that everything is understood and possible questions answered. The Ethic Committee will be informed if important protocol modifications for approval. Communication between patient and therapist will be carried out via the Internet in a secure system.
Blinding It is not possible to blind the participants in relation to the intervention. Also, it is not possible to blind the physiotherapists who are training the participants according to allocation. It is possible, however, to blind the test therapist who will not be advised about to which group the participant is randomized. The primary investigator recruits the participants, screen them for eligibility and collects baseline data before randomization.
Conclusion In a RCT design, the effect of Telerehabilitation within the first week after hospital discharge will be evaluated and compared with the usual training intervention in the municipality in home-dwelling geriatric patients. Change in physical function capacity, loneliness, Quality of Life and fear of falling before and after the interventions are the outcome measures.
