Inflammation of the nasal mucosa (internal lining of the nose) results in a condition called rhinitis. Patients with rhinitis suffer from nasal stuffiness, congestion, rhinorrhea (nasal discharge), sneezing, and itchiness. Rhinitis affects a large number of people, with several studies estimating that between 10 and 50% of people have rhinitis.
The term rhinitis includes many different diseases that are commonly divided into allergic rhinitis and non-allergic rhinitis. Allergic rhinitis is a result of allergen exposure, with the diagnosis requiring an identifiable offending agent. Common allergens include pollen, molds, animals, and insects. Allergic rhinitis has similar symptoms to those outlined above and can be confirmed by allergy skin testing. There is also a strong association between allergic rhinitis and asthma, with one third of allergic rhinitis patients also suffering from reactive airway disease.
On the other hand, non-allergic rhinitis is a broad category and includes all forms of rhinitis that do not have an identifiable allergic component. Subcategories of non-allergic rhinitis include occupational, gustatory, smoking, hormonal, senile, atrophic, medication-induced, vasomotor (idiopathic), local allergic, and non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES).
Avoidance of triggers and use of intranasal medication, such as intranasal steroids and intranasal antihistamines, are the mainstays of treatment for non-allergic rhinitis. Combination of intranasal steroid and antihistamine has recently been developed as a single product and approved for the use in both allergic and non-allergic rhinitis. When high volume, clear rhinorrhea is the primary rhinitis symptom, intranasal anticholinergics have shown good effect. Finally, surgical intervention is considered in patients with select non-allergic rhinitis causes, such as vasomotor rhinitis.
The use of intranasal capsaiscinoid spray for treatment of rhinitis has been investigated for many years. The first identifiable trial was in 1991 and showed that both subjective and objective measurements of chronic rhinitis were reduced with repeated applications of intranasal capsaicin.
Capsaicinoids are active ingredients in the plant genus Capsicum, which includes bell peppers, habanero peppers, and jalapeno peppers, amongst others. The most noteworthy of the capsaicinoids is capsaicin. All capsaicinoids are irritants for humans, and they give the Capsicum plants their pungent taste and hot sensation, as well as produce the burning sensation from topical application.
Capsaicinoids are believed to be effective for non-allergic rhinitis due to their ability to block specific nerve fibers in the lining of the nose. Blocking this pathway results in decreased nasal hypersensitivity and leads to reduced nasal obstruction, sneezing, and rhinorrhea.
More recently, a systematic review for the Cochrane Collaboration was carried out. Four studies were included in the review, representing 302 patients. The authors of the review conclude that given many therapeutic options for non-allergic rhinitis are ineffective, the use of intranasal capsaicinoid as possible treatment modality is reasonable.
It should be noted that each of the four studies included in the review utilized a different dose of capsaiscinoid, and indeed a different capsaiscinoid altogether.
Despite many trials documenting the efficacy of intranasal capsaicinoids for non-allergic rhinitis, tolerability of the intervention is poorly studied. Also of note is that many of the current studies utilizing intranasal capsaicinoids have used some form of topical anesthetic in order to deliver high doses.
Therefore, given that intranasal capsaicinoid spray is an enticing treatment option for non-allergic rhinitis in terms of efficacy, and there is a dearth of reliable tolerability studies, we would seek to identify the side effect profile of a naturally sourced intranasal capsaicin spray. As pelargonic acid vanillylamide (PAVA) is the most studied capsaicinoid in terms of efficacy in humans, we propose to utilize this for our study.
The proposed study would address the following objectives:
1. Determine the rate and severity of intranasal burning sensation and pain with administration of intranasal PAVA in an otherwise healthy population with no history of medical or surgical nasal disease
a. Measured using both a Likert scale and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)
2. Determine the rate and severity of lacrimation with administration of intranasal PAVA in an otherwise healthy population with no history of medical or surgical nasal disease
a. Measured using a Likert scale
3. Determine the rate and severity of rhinorrhea with administration of intranasal PAVA in an otherwise healthy population with no history of medical or surgical nasal disease
a. Measured using a Likert scale
4. Determine the overall patient perceived tolerability of intranasal PAVA administration in an otherwise healthy population with no history of medical or surgical nasal disease a. Considered an overall combined measure of all Likert scales and VAS
