Analysis of Gait Before and After Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Patients With Focal Dystonia

Efficient gait requires effective postural control, both static and dynamic. Hence, postural disorders may affect gait. Yet, very little is known about the specific effects of focal postural disorders such as cervical dystonia (CD) and blepharospasm (BS) on patients' mobility. The present research therefore aims at analyzing gait characteristics in patients presenting with these conditions in order to document possible gait alterations. In addition, the investigators will explore the effect of botulinum toxin treatment, which the most frequently used therapeutic option, on the patients' gait characteristics. Indeed, while the treatment improves both dystonia and pain, and therefore quality of life, its influence on gait is presently unknown. the investigators aim at filling this knowledge gap

This is a pilot monocentric, non-randomized, controlled study. The total duration of the project is 24 months. For each patient, the total duration of the study will be one month. The primary goal is to study gait parameters in patients with focal dystonia (CD and BS) before and after botulinum toxin treatment. The secondary goal is to study interactions between dystonia severity and gait disorders, if gait disorders are objectified. The investigators will also examine whether botulinum toxin treatment affects gait parameters. The main dependent variable regarding gait analysis will be gait velocity, as it is the most relevant functional variable for the patients. Gait velocity will be measured on the ground using the 10 Meter Walk Test (10MWT). Gait velocity will thereafter be adjusted to the treadmill to be the most comfortable. Spatial and temporal gait parameters will also be analyzed, namely: step frequency, step length, step length variability, gait asymmetry, and side with the shortest step length. To examine the influence of dystonia severity on gait parameters, the investigators will examine possible links between the gait parameters and dystonia severity as reflected by the global scores of the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS) for cervical dystonia and the Jankovic Rating Scale (JRS) for blepharospasm. In order to evaluate the effects of the botulinum toxin on gait parameters, the investigators will compare gait variables before and after toxin treatment in the patient groups. If gait parameters are influenced by the treatment, the investigators will compare the post treatment data with the data of the healthy control group. In addition, the investigators will perform a patient satisfaction scale (Patient Global Impression of Change) on the change of walking parameters. For this pilot, longitudinal, prospective, controlled study, the investigators will include two groups of 10 patients (patients with DC, patients with BS, naive or not about botulinum toxin treatment) and two groups of 10 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. After collecting demographical information, severity of dystonia will be assessed using the relevant Dystonia scale (for the patients' groups). Participants will then be shortly trained walking on a treadmill. Thereafter, they will be required to walk on a BIODEX treadmill enabling recording of all targeted gait parameters. For the patients' groups, gait parameters will be recorded both before and 4-5 weeks after the injection. At the firth visit, the duration of assessments and treatment for the patients will be about 1.5 hour. At the second visit, assessment will last about 30 minutes. To examine the influence of dystonia (CD, BS) on gait velocity and parameters, patients and matched healthy control data will be compared using the Mann-Whitney non parametric test. To examine the influence of botulinum toxin injection in each group of patients, data will be compared using the Wilcoxon test. Pearson correlation will be used to examine possible links between dystonia severity and gait parameters alterations. This study will contribute to improving our knowledge on the effects of focal dystonia on gait, thus enabling an improvement in the design of rehabilitation programs. It will also document the effect of botulinum toxin on gait, thus contributing to a better guidance of this treatment.