Introduction and Rationale: Previous research suggests that working on the development of cognitive-emotional skills, and particularly on empathy toward victims of bullying, may be a central component for the success of school bullying prevention programs. On the other hand, virtual reality (VR) technology allows adopting the perspective of the world of others, and thus has been claimed to be a powerful tool for eliciting empathy in different domains (cf. Slater \& Sánchez-Vives, 2016). Therefore, VR might play a role in bullying prevention programs, by helping pupils to understand how it feels to be bullied, as a way to increase empathy towards victims of bullying. However, currently empirical evidence of the effectiveness of VR in this context is lacking. A key step in the validation of this use of VR is to understand how the immersive presentation of bullying scenes shot from a first-person perspective is experienced by children, compared to the same scenes presented in less immersive displays. In particular, in order to demonstrate the potential of VR technology in this regard, it is necessary to examine the advantages that VR technology (and, more specifically in this case, immersive presentation of 360º-video) presents over more common devices (a computer screen).
Study goals and Hypotheses: The overall goal of this study is to examine whether 360º-videos representing situations of bullying from a first-person perspective produce a realistic experience of being bullied, and that the presentation of such contents in an immersive mode (using a VR headset) elicit a more realistic and arousing experience than the same contents in a less immersive format (a traditional computer screen).
This is the first step in a wider research project; in subsequent steps, the investigators will assess the effects of these type of videos on empathy towards victims of bullying and, eventually, on prevalence of bullying behaviour.
The central hypotheses to be tested will be:
Hypothesis 1 (H1): Contents representing situations of bullying from a first person perspective will elicit on participants realistic feelings of being bullied, compared to contents representing other high-school daily situations not involving (physical or verbal) violence.
Hypothesis 2 (H2): Immersive presentation (i.e. 360º-video contents watched in a VR headset) will elicit higher arousal and higher perceived realism of the scene than the same contents presented in a less immersive display (a computer screen).
In order to test these hypotheses, the investigators will collect measures of psychophysiological measures of arousal (electrodermal activity -EDA- and heart rate -HR-) and emotional regulation (heart rate variability -HRV-), self-reported emotional arousal and valence, as well as three self-reported measures of the realism of the experience of being bullied, including: (1) participant's perception on to which degree the represented situation can be considered bullying, (2) participant's feelings of actually being in the represented scene ("presence"), and (3) participant's feeling of actually being bullied while watching the content.
The investigators expect that, compared to watching videos representing other high-school daily situations not involving (physical or verbal) violence, watching videos representing situations of bullying, participants' EDA, HR, HRV, and self-reported arousal will be higher (H1a, H1b, H1c, and H1d, respectively), self-reported valence will be more negative (H1e), scores of feelings of being bullying and actually being in the scene will be higher (H1f and H1g, respectively), and the perception of the scene as bullying will also be enhanced (H1h).
It is also expected that, compared to the videos presented in a screen, while watching the videos in a VR headset participants' EDA, HR, HRV, and self-reported arousal will be higher (H2a, H2b, H2c, and H2d, respectively), self-reported valence will be more negative (H2e), scores of feelings of being bullying and actually being in the scene will be higher (H2f and H2g, respectively), and the perception of the scene as bullying will also be enhanced (H2h).
In addition, it will be explored whether the experienced arousal and perception of realism is associated with personality traits, such as being uncaring, unemotional, and callousness. The investigators believe that pupils with higher scores on the mentioned traits will experience less arousal (subjective and psychophysiological) when watching the videos with bullying content.
Experimental design: The study adopts a within-subject design in which each participant will watch four videos, containing the four possible combinations of two independent variables: Level of immersion (VR headset / computer screen) and Type of content (Bullying / no-bullying content).
The materials to be used in the experiment will be eight videos representing different scenes from the perspective of a girl (to be watched by female participants) and four videos representing different scenes from the perspective of a boy (to be watched by male participants). Among each group of eight videos, there are four pairs. The two videos of each pair involve the same location, point-of-view, and actors, but in one of them there is a bullying situation and in the other there is a daily situation not involving any form of violence (e.g. children chatting about the last weekend).
Each participant will watch four scenes, two containing bullying scenes and the other containing daily non-violent scenes. Also, two of them will be presented in a VR headset while the rest be presented in a computer screen. The level of immersion and type of content in which each scene is presented will vary among participants following a Latin-square design, in a way such for the whole sample of participants, all the scenes will be presented across the two levels of immersion and the two types of content. The order of the presentation of the four conditions will be randomised for each participant.
