Early Treatment Versus Expectant Management of PDA in Preterm Infants

Exclusion Criteria

• •Birthweight ≥ 1500 g and/or gestation age ≥ 32 weeks
• •Lack of informed consent of the parents
• •Congenital heart defect, other than PDA and/or patent foramen ovale (PFO)
• •The presence of a clinically apparent hemorrhagic syndrome
• •Any intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in the first 48 hours or IVH grade 3-4
• •A platelet count of \< 50,000/mm3
• •A serum creatinine concentration of \> 110 μmol/L
• •Oliguria \<1 ml/kg/h
• •Suspected/apparent NEC
• •Suspected/apparent lung hypoplasia