Factors driving progression from steatosis (NAFL) to steatohepatitis (NASH) in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remain largely unknown. Considerable data now indicate that steatosis per se is not a hepatotoxic event and may represent in fact a protective mechanism against free fatty acid (FFA)-induced toxicity. the investigators previously showed that Kupffer cells from NASH mice accumulate more toxic lipids (ceramides, diacylglycerols, sphingolipids) enhancing their proinflammatory polarization. Therefore, "quality" of accumulating lipids rather than "quantity" may play a central role in NAFLD progression. This is a pilot comparative study aiming to evaluate the presence of toxic lipids (such as free-fatty acids, ceramides, diacylglycerols, sphingolipids) in postprandial state after ingestion of a "western diet" in NAFL and NASH patients. The secondary outcomes were: to evaluate the relationship between postprandial circulating lipids and markers of liver injury and proinflammatory cytokines; to evaluate hepatotoxicity of postprandial lipids in vitro. A total of 24 consecutive patients (group 1: 12 NAFL patients; group 2: 12 NASH patients) with biopsy-proven NAFLD (liver biopsy \< 6 months) will be recruited. A dietary evaluation covering the 2 previous weeks will be performed. Detailed anthropometric data will be collected (body mass index, waist and hip circumferences, abdominal height, cutaneous skinfolds) and serum metabolic parameters (standard lipid profile, lipoprotein levels, fasting plasma glucose, insulin levels, C-peptide levels, hemoglobin A1c) will be evaluated. After a 12hours overnight fast, patients will undergo an oral "western diet" test consisting in the ingestion of a high saturated fat, high refined sugar, high fructose-meal called "western diet" (800 kcal/meal). Blood samples will be drawn at fasting and then 2, 4, 6 and 8hours after ingestion of the standard meal. Each time plasma and serum samples will be stored at -80°C for subsequent analysis. Lipidomics will be used to quantify each plasma lipid class (neutral lipids, phospholipids and fatty acid methyl esters). Serum levels of cytokines will be assessed using multiple assay technology. Markers of liver injury will be assessed (aminotransferases, Keratin 18 fragments, microRNA-122) in the serum. Hepatocytes will be cultured with plasma from NAFL or NASH patients, and incubated overnight. In vitro hepatotoxicity will be evaluated using TUNEL assay, MTT assay and LDH release assay. the investigators anticipate that inflammation together with hepatocyte death will occur in NAFLD patients who develop specific postprandial plasma lipid changes with an increase in toxic lipid levels. Such patients may develop more severe liver lesions (inflammation, fibrosis/cirrhosis) and benefit of interventions. Identification of a toxic plasma lipid profile may help choosing the adequate diet in order to prevent deleterious lipid formation. Identification of a toxic postprandial plasma lipid signature specific to hepatotoxicity may also serve to develop a discrimination index to be further validated in clinical practice.
