Postmenopausal women (N=255) aged ≥50 years were randomly selected from community centers in Changsha City, Hunan Province, China in September 2017. Menopause was defined as the absence of menstrual cycles for at least one year. All subjects were noninstitutionalized and in good health.The criteria for exclusion were morphological abnormalities or skeletal distortions that prohibited either clinical measurements or morphometric assessments of skeletal radiographs All participants were interviewed using a standard questionnaire. Body weight and height were measured to the closest 0.1 kg and 0.5 cm, respectively, with subjects wearing light clothing and no shoes. Current height was measured using a wall-mounted stadiometer, with a horizontal plate pressed on the head, and hair flattened. All subjects provided basic information, including current age, age at the start of menopause, years since menopause (YSM), weight, and their tallest recalled height. The current measured height subtracted from the tallest recalled height was subjects' HHL.The RPD, which was the vertical distance between the lowest margin of the ribs and the superior surface of the iliac crest along the mid-axillary line, was measured twice by a physician who stood behind the subject. For the kyphosis assessment, subjects were measured without shoes, with their heels, buttocks, and back to the wall, and head in a horizontal position with a double chin shown. The wall-occiput distance was defined as the horizontal distance between the wall and the back of the head. The distance between the prominence of the 7th cervical vertebra and the wall was defined as 7th cervical vertebra-wall distance (C7WD) , and wall-tragus-distance (WTD) was defined as the horizontal distance from the participant's tragus to the wall . All RPD and anthropometric indicators of kyphosis were measured in increments of 0.1 cm by two trained physicians.BMD of the lumbar spine, left femoral neck, and total hip were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. VFs were assessed using lateral spine imaging from T4 to L4 on X-ray.
