Exercise Therapy to Reduce Heart Failure Symptoms; Sorting Mechanisms of Benefit

Despite decades of research, HF remains a common disease that continues to rise in prevalence, particularly among the expanding population of older adults. By virtue of age, older adults are prone to higher incidence of HF and worse clinical consequences. Exercise intolerance and dyspnea are common symptoms that portend poor prognosis, and which erode functional independence and quality of life. Mortality and morbidity also increase significantly as functional capacity declines. Growing evidence suggests that pathophysiology of central cardiac dysfunction is linked to skeletal muscle pathophysiology. While HF therapeutic guidelines primarily emphasize steps that improve cardiac parameters, and/or volume status, goals to modify HF skeletal muscle myopathy may constitute a vital complementary treatment target. Ongoing analyses from our pilot VA Merit investigation provide pertinent insights and substantiation. The investigators demonstrated reduced functional capacity (both aerobic and strength) in 31 HF patients (mean age 66 years) compared to 39 age-matched healthy controls (mean age 67). The investigators also showed increased expression of genes signaling ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in skeletal muscle in relation to decreasing aerobic and strength performance. Consistently, reduced lean muscle mass, as measured by DXA, correlated to the reduced strength indices. This proposal constitutes a logical progression of this pilot analysis and follows the analytic path the investigators anticipated. Whereas the initial work characterized key skeletal muscle gene expression patterns in association to disease, exercise capacity, and body composition, this study compares the effects of three exercise training regimens (i.e., aerobic vs. combined aerobic and strength vs. inspiratory muscle training \[IMT\]) each with a unique physiological rationale. The investigators will explore differences in how each training regimen modifies clinical attributes (function/symptoms) as well as skeletal muscle biology that likely underlie these differences. These insights will help identify therapeutic strategies that better suppress injurious disease mechanisms and thereby facilitate improved clinical outcomes and quality of life. Specific Aims: a. To assess differences in functional outcomes (peak oxygen utilization \[VO2\]) and one-repetition max \[1RM\]) relative to different training regimens: a. Aerobic vs. Aerobic-Strength vs. inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT). i. Analyses will include assessments of training differences in respect to broader functional parameters (aerobic, strength, inspiration), symptoms, and quality of life. b. To assess gene expression in relation to the different training regimens.