This sub-study investigates the potential difference in neurodevelopmental outcomes during early childhood between newborns who undergo umbilical cord milking and those who experience early cord clamping at birth. The developmental progress of participants is evaluated using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3 which measures five developmental areas: communication, problem-solving, fine motor skills, gross motor skills, and personal-social behavior. Additionally, the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers is employed as a secondary assessment. The recruitment of participants is conducted through the primary study Umbilical Cord Milking in Nonvigorous Infants trial (NCT03631940) with the method of umbilical cord management for each newborn being dictated by the randomized treatment allocation of the primary study.
