Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) of FMP30 in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

In this Phase 1b open-label prospective clinical trial, patients with relapsing- remitting MS will undergo FMT of FMP30 (donor stool) via colonoscopy and immunological efficacy endpoints will be assessed at various time points. The active phase of the study will continue for 12 weeks post-FMT with safety and biomarker (engraftment) follow-up for 48 weeks. A parallel observational control arm of MS patients who otherwise satisfy study inclusion criteria based on their MS phenotype, demographics, disease duration and prior use of allowable MS therapies, will be recruited as a comparison observational group to measure stability of stool and serum immunological measures. The primary hypotheses are that: 1. FMT will be safe and tolerable in patients with MS. 2. FMT preceded by antibiotic preconditioning will lead to a change in fecal microbiota community structure. Secondary hypotheses are that: 1. FMT preceded by antibiotic preconditioning will induce a favorable shift from pro-inflammatory to immunomodulatory T cell profiles in patients with relapsing-remitting MS. 2. That engraftment will not appreciably decay over time. 3. That FMT will favorably change humoral function. 4. That FMT will favorably influence short-term clinical and radiological endpoints. FMP30 donor stool will be obtained from OpenBiome (Somerville, Massachusetts; OpenBiome.org), an established nonprofit stool bank with stringent safety protocols and quality control. Donor stool will be obtained from donors without Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and without other known autoimmune diseases and will be screened for transmissible pathogens. In collaboration with OpenBiome, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) will additionally screen donor stool using in vitro assays for immunological properties thought to be favorable in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), including decreasing T helper 17 cells (TH17) and increasing T regulatory cells, in order to select the final donor stool to be used in this study for FMT. UCSF will obtain an investigational new drug (IND) from the FDA for FMT of FMP30 donor stool in MS. After providing written informed consent and reviewing inclusion and exclusion criteria, participants will participate in either the FMT Treatment Arm or the Observational Control Arm. Participants in the FMT Treatment Arm will first undergo screening assessments according to the study schedule of activities and provide blood samples for eligibility and research, and stool samples for research. Participants who pass screening will have their pre-treatment baseline visit with 21 days of their screening visit where they will have an MRI, safety and biomarker research blood sample collection, stool sample collection for research, complete study activities according to the study visit schedule, be given antibiotics, bowel preparation, a medication compliance diary and directions on when and how to start the antibiotics and bowel preparation before their scheduled FMT colonoscopy procedure. The week before their Baseline FMT visit, participants will be contacted by study staff to initiate an oral antibiotic regimen for 5 days to precondition the gut for FMT and optimize engraftment of the donor microbiome. Study staff will ensure that the participants understand how to complete their oral antibiotic regimen, compliance diary, and bowel preparation correctly. At the study Baseline Visit, following standard bowel preparation for colonoscopy, participants will then undergo colonoscopy with FMT of FMP30 by an experienced gastroenterologist. Participants will return for scheduled assessments of stool and blood sampling, questionnaires, physical examination, MS rating scales, and follow-up MRI for 12 weeks, with additional safety and biomarker blood sample collection, and followed at weeks 24, 36, and 48. The active study time of 12 weeks was designed to be short to minimize time off MS disease-modifying therapies (should the participant wish to go on a MS disease-modifying therapy). Participants participating in the Observational Control Arm will not undergo the interventional FMT treatment. Participants in this arm will have a total of 5 visits over the course of 12 weeks. At the Screening/Baseline visit, participants will provide blood and stool samples for research along with other study activities, according to the study visit schedule. Participants will mail in a stool sample at week 2 and come in for follow-up visits at weeks 4, 8, and 12.