Risk Factors and Outcomes of Acute Venous Thromboembolism in Cirrhotic

Nowadays, the term "autoanticoagulated" ,which prescribed coagulopathy state in chronic liver disease (CLD) patients due to impaired synthesis of coagulation factors and elevated international normalized ratio(INR), has been approved to be wrong and those patients are liable for venous thromboembolism (VTE) with 0.5% - 6.3% incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary thromboembolism (PE) among cirrhotic patients. This may be explained by normal or even increased production of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor, enhanced thrombin activity and Low level of protein C, protein S and antithrombin III due to impaired liver synthesis, other risk factor include sedentary lifestyle, fractures, immobility, hospitalization, elevated estrogen levels, surgery, concomitant disease states and cancer, damaged vasculature that increases inflammation, and sluggish splanchnic blood flow, which are all common in those patients. Absence of gold standard estimation for hypercoagulability in cirrhotic patients, is a big problem. During measurement of conventional parameters such as international normalized ratio (INR) or partial thromboplastin time, reagents used to measure the prothrombin time do not contain thrombomodulin on which protein C depend for activation, so it does not adequately reflect reduced levels protein C. Thromboelastography a device that has the ability to measure whole blood coagulation cascade including platelet function, It can be used to monitor coagulation status before liver transplantation operation to properly identify and treat coagulation abnormalities. No worldwide guidelines is established neither for management nor prophylaxis of VTE in cirrhotic patients, this may be due to safety concerns regarding the risk of bleeding related to anticoagulant drugs when used in people with advanced liver disease, especially if there is significant thrombocytopenia, and/or the presence of varices.