Emergency Front of the NecK Access (eFONA) in Children

Study participants will be shown an illustrated training video demonstrating and explaining the RST. The video may be reviewed until the participant feels confident to perform procedure. The Rapid Sequence Tracheostomy (RST) consists of the following steps: 1. Orientational palpation and vertical midline skin incision followed by separation of the strap muscles 2. Exposure of the trachea and cricoid followed by anterior luxation of the trachea with a Backhaus towel clamp 3. Perform a vertical puncture with a tip scissors between the Cricoid and 1st tracheal ring followed by a vertical incision of no more than 2 rings in length. 4. An age adapted tracheal tube is inserted into the trachea and the lungs are ventilated. Teaching methodology: Prior to the hands-on training of eFONA, all participants shall watch a 2-minute training video of RST performed on rabbit cadaver following the steps outlined above. During video demonstration, no additional explanation or support will be provided. Once study participants express confidence to perform the skill, participants shall attempt to perform the RST 10 times. During the RST procedure no additional explanation or support will be provided. Study participants will be allowed to watch the video again between attempts, if needed. Each attempt will be video recorded and time recorded for rater analysis, as outlined above. Successful tracheotomy is defined as ventilation of the lungs by way of a standard self-inflating bag that is to be connected to the tracheal tube or visual confirmation of the tube being placed at least 2 cm inside the trachea (dissection of the rabbit cadaver performed by assistant).

Current difficult airway algorithms end with the need for tracheal airway access to be obtained via Front Of Neck Access (FONA) to achieve oxygenation. In children \< 8 years existing recommendations and the literature do not offer guidance on how to perform emergent FONA. Emergent tracheotomy is the potentially life-saving procedure - which needs to be performed without delay. When emergent tracheotomy is attempted in children \< 8 years of age, there is a substantial risk for complications. As a result, health care providers who do not have routine at performing this procedure are often reluctant to perform FONA, Diameters, vertical/horizontal dimensions, vocal cord distance, larynx position, and cricothyroid membrane size of the rabbit airway suggest considerable similarities with infant airways, making it a good model to learn this technique. The FONA rapid sequence technique (RST) is a simple technique suitable for emergent pediatric tracheotomy. RST outlines 4 clearly defined steps, that enable airway establishment. Step 1: Vertical midline skin incision and separate the strap muscles Step 2: Expose trachea and cricoid through palpation, lift and immobilize trachea with a clamp Step 3: Vertical trachea incision with the sharp tip scissors (2 cm) Step 4: Open the trachea and insert the tube The steps are easy to perform, if sufficiently practiced. Anesthesiologist, pediatric intensivists, surgeons, and emergency physicians who are most likely to need to perform FONA in small children, shall learn to perform RST emergent pediatric tracheotomy in less than 60 seconds. The investigators seek to measure and study learning curves of participants for establishing an artificial airway using the RST. Hypothesis: After having practiced the procedure 10 times, 80% of study participants will not be able to successfully demonstrate FONA within 60 seconds. Alternative hypothesis: study participants will be able to successfully demonstrate FONA within 60 seconds. Single-center interventional trial. The only inclusion criterion is informed consent. A high quality instructional video demonstrating the RST on a rabbit cadaver will teach the participants. Performance time will be defined (from touching the skin until ventilation of the trachea with a standard self-inflating bag connected to the tube). The investigators seek to assess the learning curves of participants. Sample size. In order to obtain a lower limit of the 95% Confidence interval of 80% success in FONA the investigators would need 40 study participants assuming 2 failures by the 10th attempt. Statistical methods: Descriptive statistics for demographics. To establish the learning curve the increase over the 3 attempts will be analyzed by repeated ANOVA or Friedman. For the reasons outlined above the investigators will provide a suitable and valid training model for pediatric airway practitioners to practice the invasive front of neck access technique.