Over the past 8 years, 3 new classes of drugs have been approved for the group of diseases recognized as peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). The novel anti-folate pralatrexate was the first drug approved for patients with relapsed or refractory PTCL in 2009. Four histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been approved including vorinostat, romidepsin, belinostat, and chidamide (approved in China). The antibody drug conjugate Brentuximab vedotin was approved in one subtype of PTCL, anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma. The HDAC inhibitors and pralatrexate exhibit near lineage-specific activity with limited-to-no activity in B-cell lymphomas. As single agents in the relapsed setting romidepsin and pralatrexate exhibit response rates of 25-38% and 29-54% respectively across published phase I and II studies. While these studies are not identical in their patient composition, they included patients who are heavily pre-treated from a diversity of PTCL subtypes. A recent case match control analysis has demonstrated that patients treated with pralatrexate on PROPEL achieve a statistically significant survival advantage when compared to a matched historical population. In addition, sub-analysis of patients treated on PROPEL revealed that response and clinical benefit metrics (ORR, CR, duration of response (DOR) and progression free survival (PFS)) with pralatrexate improved significantly as the therapy moved up earlier in their treatment course. Patients achieving a response to romidepsin also exhibited a prolonged DOR of 28 months, with the median DOR not being reached in patients achieving complete response (CR).
The curative treatment of PTCL is not likely to be accomplished by the use of any single agent therapies. Clinically it makes sense to identify rational combinations of active agents in an attempt to identify disease specific active combinations. In preclinical models of T-cell lymphoma, in vitro cytotoxicity assays have clearly established a synergistic interaction between pralatrexate and several HDACI, including romidepsin. In addition, pralatrexate and romidepsin have differing mechanisms of actions and different toxicity profiles which lends to the probability that the combination of these agents will be combined safely with likely improved efficacy. Despite this rationale, the identification of a biological rationale will provide important insights into the optimal strategies for combing these different classes of drugs. It will also provide opportunities to develop biomarkers of response.
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is extremely rare especially in the United States and Europe and is associated with considerable heterogeneity. Of the lymphomas, T-cell lymphomas make up a larger fraction in Asia and Latin America likely owing to genetic predisposition and early exposure to viral infections such as human T-lymphotropic virus type -1 (HTLV-1) and Epstein barr virus (EBV). Although there are differences between subtypes, in general patients with T-cell lymphomas have an inferior overall survival as compared to those with their B-cell lymphoma counterparts. The median overall survival of patients with T-cell lymphoma is only 1 to 3 years. There is presently no consensus on the best front-line therapy for these patients, though most recognize cyclophosphamide- doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin)-vincristine (Oncovin)-prednisolone (CHOP) or CHOP-based treatment as the standard despite the poor results. While clinical trials have been important in identifying novel agents active in relapsed disease, accrual to trials is often difficult given the rarity of the disease. Incorporation of novel agents into the front-line setting has not yet been realized.
Modest attempts to improve responses and duration of response have been made by intensifying front-line chemotherapy with the addition of etoposide and by consolidating response with autologous stem cell transplantation in the first remission, though these maneuvers have likely not significantly impacted the natural history of the disease.
Over the past several years, the investigators have adopted a strategy of trying to develop novel T-cell lymphoma active combinations, based on drug: drug synergy experiments in the preclinical setting. For example, the investigators have established biological preclinical and clinical evidence for the following doublets: (1) pralatrexate plus romidepsin (2) hypomethylating agents and HDAC inhibitors (3) pralatrexate plus gemcitabine.(4) pralatrexate plus bortezomib and (5) alisertib plus romidepsin. Each of these combinations leveraged a strong rationale for the companion agent used in combination with the HDAC inhibitor and or pralatrexate, leading to a clinical study in most cases.
Results from the phase I portion of the study demonstrate that the combination is safe and produces clinically meaningful responses across a diversity of PTCL subtypes in patients who are heavily treated. Twenty-nine patients were enrolled and were evaluable for toxicity. There were 3 dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) in cohort 4 (pralatrexate 20mg/m2 \& romidepsin 12mg/m2given weekly x 2 Q21D) consisting of 2 Grade 3 oral mucositis and 1 Grade 4 sepsis. The every other week (QOW Q28D) schedule had no DLTs at equivalent and higher doses. The grade 3/4 toxicities reported in \>5% of patients included: neutropenia (28%), thrombocytopenia (28%), anemia (29%), oral mucositis (14%), hyponatremia (7%), pneumonia (7%) and sepsis (7%). Twenty-three patients were evaluable for response. The overall response rate (ORR) in the total, non-PTCL and PTCL populations was 57%; 33% (no CR) and 71% (40% CR) respectively. Given these are two approved agents for relapsed PTCL, there is a clear regulatory strategy following the completion of this study.
