Effect of Dolutegravir on Etonogestrel Levels in HIV-infected Women in Botswana

Efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy is effective in treating HIV and had become standard in the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. However, despite its effectiveness in lowering viral load, there is also solid evidence that it decreases the effectiveness of etonogestrel-releasing implants. This presents a difficult clinical scenario in countries where the HIV burden is significant in reproductive age women. Following the SINGLE trial, dolutegravir has replaced efavirenz in many settings as first-line ART. In 2016, Botswana became the first country in Africa to adopt this as a guideline, however, the effect that dolutegravir has on hormonal contraceptives has not been widely studied. This project seeks to understand the interaction between etonogestrel levels in HIV-infected women who are using dolutegravir-based ART by directly measuring etonogestrel blood levels using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in HIV-negative and HIV-infected women using contraceptive implants. Because the implant is fairly new in Botswana, most participants will have had implants inserted 3-12 months prior to study. An HIV-infected, non-ART, comparison group is no longer permissible, practically or ethically, as countries across Africa, including Botswana, are moving to HIV "Test and Treat." This means that ART initiation is now occurring at time of HIV-diagnosis regardless of cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) count or disease stage; therefore, in this study, the comparison group will be HIV-uninfected implant users. This comparison will answer the key question of whether the ENG implant when used simultaneously with DTG provides plasma ENG levels comparable to a group in which it has established contraceptive efficacy (i.e. HIV-uninfected, healthy women of reproductive age).