High Resolution MRI Study for Prostate Cancer

2.0 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE Multiparametric MRI Multiparametric MRI combining T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted, and dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) images is commonly employed for detection and localization of prostate lesions. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is sensitive to the diffusion of water molecules interacting with surrounding macromolecules. DWI, which provides a quantitative biological parameter called apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value, is a robust MRI parameter for differentiating benign and malignant prostate tissue. In fact, the latest version of the Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) scoring system relies almost exclusively on DWI to identify tumors in the peripheral zone, which is where the vast majority of prostate cancers form. Findings on T2 images are not used to identify cancer, and DCE images are only used to differentiate between some PI-RADS 3 and 4 lesions. In a pilot study of prostate cancer AS, DW-MRI was useful for detecting progression of Gleason score based on changes in ADC value. Tumor size is another important clinical criterion for defining low risk prostate cancer, and tumor size based on DWI has been shown to crudely predict low risk prostate cancer. However, conventional DWI using single-shot echo-planar imaging is unable to detect small tumors, low grade tumors, or small changes in tumor size on serial imaging. Approximately 20% of small, low grade tumors found in men on AS are detected on modern prostate MRI. High Resolution MRI Investigators introduce a new three-dimensional (3D) high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging sequence (HR-DWI), which improves image quality while conferring at least a 5-fold improvement in resolution when compared to standard two-dimensional (2D) DWI (S-DWI). This novel 3D DWI technique has been developed by our team and can be applied on existing 1.5T or 3T MRI systems. S-DWI suffers from two important limitations. a) It uses single-shot echo-planar imaging (EPI) for data acquisition, which produces magnetic susceptibility induced streaking artifacts and geometric distortions so that round objects may appear oval. b) The relatively low signal-to-noise ratio and 2D image acquisition with S-DWI limit spatial resolution, which is defined by the minimum distance between two objects required to resolve them uniquely. Our HR-DWI overcomes these limitations by using magnetization prepared, multi-shot, turbo-spin-echo acquisition, which improves signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), spatial resolution, and image quality, and eliminates geometric distortions and streaking artifacts associated with EPI. Preliminary studies In preliminary studies assessing the performance of our HR-DWI in a prospective pilot trial of prostate cancer AS patients, the technique could detect tumors not seen on S-DWI and measure ADC, which correlates with grade. This is important because the long-term natural history of small prostate cancers invisible to S-DWI has never been prospectively defined, in part due to lack of adequate imaging technology. In the era of molecular diagnostics and next-generation sequencing, an important step in understanding the biology of these lesions is to develop technologies to image and characterize these lesions. Importance of HR-DWI includes: * Better imaging will allow these lesions to be monitored serially and targeted for biopsy, providing tissue for both histologic and molecular characterization. * Higher resolution imaging will better delineate tumor boundaries, which can improve tumor staging and identify margins during partial-gland ablation by cryotherapy or high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), which was approved in 2015 by the U.S. FDA. * Improved imaging resolution will allow for more accurate measurement of tumor size and ADC, and detection of small changes in size or grade over time. Standard prostate DWI has poor resolution; therefore, tumor growth kinetics have never been accepted as clinical criteria for cancer progression while on AS. If tumor growth kinetics or changes in grade determined by ADC prove prognostic, AS can rely less on serial transrectal biopsies, which can lead to serious complications.