Healthy volunteers
Not accepted
The inclusion criteria were as follows: being aged ≧ 20 years, receiving a new diagnosis of stage 0-III colorectal cancer and being scheduled to undergo surgery, being aware of the diagnosis, being able to communicate in Mandarin or Taiwanese, and providing written informed consent. The exclusion criteria were as follows: receiving a diagnosis of stage IV colorectal cancer, having recurrent colorectal cancer or multiple cancers, and having a history of psychiatric disorders.
